毁损大鼠中缝背核内触液神经元对吗啡依赖和戒断的影响

目的:探索脑内远位触液神经元在吗啡依赖和戒断形成过程中的作用。方法:化学性神经元毁损、侧脑室引入霍乱毒素亚单位B与辣根过氧化物酶复合物(CB-HRP)神经示踪、TMB-ST呈色反应,Western blot、nNOS免疫组织化学。结果:毁损大鼠中缝背核内远位触液神经元后,纳洛酮催促的戒断症状明显减弱,戒断症状评分较戒断未毁损组降低约38%(P<0.05);给予溶媒和毁损触液神经元旁侧的大鼠戒断症状与戒断组比较未见明显变化(P>0.05)。毁损组脑片触液神经元密集区局部细胞损坏明显,仅在其毁损区边缘观测到少量CB-HRP阳性细胞。未毁损组CB-HRP标记细胞位置及数量恒定,形态清晰。毁损触液神经元后,脊髓背角nNOS阳性神经元计数及nNOS蛋白表达较戒断未毁损组减少明显(P<0.05),而较正常组和依赖组增加仍显著(P<0.01)。结论:毁损大鼠中缝背核内部分远位触液神经元可减弱吗啡戒断症状和脊髓背角神经元型一氧化氮合酶的表达,提示中缝背核内部分远位触液神经元可能参与了吗啡依赖和戒断的形成,NO介导脑内触液神经元与脊髓水平对吗啡依赖和戒断的调节。     

吗啡对鸡胚胎发育的影响

目的：研究吗啡对胎动、心率、孵化率、孵化时间、雏鸡体重等的影响。方法：以气室给药的方式给鸡胚注射吗啡,记录胎动、心率、孵化率、孵化时间、雏鸡体重。结果：吗啡可以缩短雏鸡的孵化时间,降低雏鸡的孵化率,并导致雏鸡出现运动障碍;20mg／kg吗啡剂量和12—16胚龄的给药时间,鸡胚孵化率最高,残疾率最低;吗啡导致胚胎心率加快,胎动减少（P〈0．05）。结论：吗啡对胚胎发育有损伤作用,损伤程度与吗啡剂量和给药时间有关。     

Peripheral analgesia: Hitting pain where it hurts

Pain is a complex biological phenomenon that encompasses intricate neurophysiological, behavioural, psychosocial and affective components. Protracted or chronic pain alerts an individual to a possible pathological abnormality and is the main reason why patients visit a primary care physician. Despite the pervasiveness of chronic pain in the population, the effectiveness of current pharmacological therapies remains woefully inadequate and prolonged treatment often leads to the development of undesirable side-effects. Since the vast majority of chronic pain originates in a specific tissue or group of tissues, it may be advantageous to target pain control in the periphery and thereby circumvent the known risks associated with non-specific systemic treatments. This review spotlights a number of promising targets for peripheral pain control including the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of neuronal ion channels, the family of proteinase activated receptors (PARs), cannabinoids, and opioids. A critical appraisal of these targets in preclinical models of disease is given and their suitability as future peripheral analgesics is discussed.     

Patients' direct experiences as central elements of placebo analgesia

Placebo analgesic effects appear to be related to patients' perception of the therapeutic intervention. In this paper, we review quantitative findings of how the relationship with the physician and the verbal suggestions given for relief may influence patients' perception of a treatment and how patients' expectations and emotional feelings may affect treatment outcome. We also present qualitative data from interviews with patients who have experienced pain relief following a placebo or an active treatment. A special focus is given to the temporal development of placebo analgesia at psychological and neurophysiological levels. Finally, we discuss the extent to which the quantitative and qualitative findings supplement or contrast with each other, and we touch upon possible implications of patients' direct experience as central for placebo analgesia.     

留置针联合镇痛泵在外科病人术后的应用

目的研究留置针联合镇痛泵在外科病人术后的镇痛护理。方法采用留置针联合镇痛泵在外科病人术后给药的镇痛方法。结果留置针联合镇痛泵在外科病人术后的优点:操作简单、容易掌握、危险小、并发症少,大大减少经济支出,可保留7天。结论留置针联合镇痛泵在外科病人术后的镇痛取得较好效果。     

吗啡依赖小鼠前脑皮质神经元神经营养因子-3的表达

目的:探讨吗啡依赖小鼠前脑皮质神经元神经营养因子-3(neurotrophin-3,NT-3)的表达.方法:采用免疫组织化学法显示吗啡依赖小鼠前脑皮质神经元NT-3的表达.结果:吗啡依赖组和纳洛酮诱发戒断组小鼠前脑皮质NT-3密度均明显增加(P＜0 01).结论:NT-3参与了吗啡依赖对前脑皮质神经元损害的保护作用.     

Gβγ that interacts with adenylyl cyclase in opioid tolerance originates from a Gs protein

We previously demonstrated that chronic morphine induces a change in G protein coupling by the mu opioid receptor (MOR) from Gi/o to Gs, concurrent with the instatement of an interaction between Gβγ and adenylyl cyclase types II and IV. These two signaling changes confer excitatory effects on the cell in place of the typical inhibition by opioids and are associated with morphine tolerance and dependence. Both signaling changes and these behavioral manifestations of chronic morphine are attenuated by cotreatment with ultra‐low‐dose naloxone. In the present work, using striatum from chronic morphine‐treated rats, we isotyped the Gβ within Gs and Go heterotrimers that coupled to MOR and compared these to the Gβ isotype of the Gβγ that interacted with adenylyl cyclase II or IV after chronic morphine treatment. Isotyping results show that chronic morphine causes a Gs heterotrimer associated with MOR to release its Gβγ to interact with adenylyl cyclase. These data suggest that the switch to Gs coupling by MOR in response to chronic morphine, which is attenuated by ultra‐low‐dose opioid antagonist cotreatment, leads to a two‐pronged stimulation of adenylyl cyclase utilizing both Gα and Gβγ subunits of the Gs protein novel to this receptor. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol, 2006     

椎管内注射牛肾上腺髓质22肽差异性翻转吗啡耐受作用

牛肾上腺髓质22肽（bovine adrenal medulla22,BAM22）是脑啡肽原A的一种降解产物,与阿片受体和感觉神经元特异性受体（sensory neuron-specific receptor,SNSR）均有亲合力。本研究的目的是探讨BAM22对吗啡耐受的影响。连续7d对大鼠椎管内注射20μg吗啡形成吗啡耐受后,分为吗啡组、盐水组和BAM22组,第8天三组大鼠椎管内分别注射吗啡、生理盐水和BAM22,第9天三组大鼠椎管内均注射吗啡后,运用撤足反射、福尔马林实验和免疫组织化学等方法观察吗啡的作用效果。结果显示：在撤足反射实验中,BAM22组的吗啡能延长撤足反射潜伏期最大可能作用的48．5％,并持续约1h：在福尔马林实验中,BAM22组的吗啡能分别缩短福尔马林引起的第一期和第二期疼痛行为变化3．2min和24min,比盐水组分别减少45％和82％（P〈0．05,P〈0．001）;此外,在免疫组织化学实验中,BAM22组的吗啡能显著减少热刺激引起的脊髓背角c-Fos蛋白表达,其Ⅰ-Ⅱ层、Ⅲ-Ⅳ层和Ⅴ-Ⅵ层均减少约80％（P〈0．001）。本研究从整体和细胞水平表明,BAM22能翻转吗啡的耐受,这种作用在持续性疼痛模型中的表现要比急性痛中更为明显,显示BAM22对吗啡耐受的差异性调制;同时也提示感觉神经元特异性受体可能参与吗啡耐受的调制。     

Nω-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯抑制吗啡镇痛耐受大鼠中脑和脊髓一氧化氮合酶/N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体表达上调

采用热甩尾测痛法观察全身应用非特异性一氧化氮合酶（nitric oxide synthase,NOS）抑制剂——N^ω-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯（L-NAME）对吗啡镇痛耐受形成的影响,并通过观察脊髓和中脑神经元型NOS（nNOS）和N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸（NMDA）受体亚单位表达的变化来阐释NO／NMDA受体在吗啡镇痛耐受形成中的作用。将36只健康成年Sprague-Dawley大鼠平均分为6组（每组6只）：1组为对照组,皮下注射生理盐水1ml;2、3、4、5和6组为处理组,分别皮下注射L-NAME10mg／kg、L-NAME20mg／kg、吗啡10mg／kg、L-NAME10mg／kg＋吗啡10mg／kg、L-NAME20mg／kg＋吗啡10mg／kg,每天2次。在注射前测量大鼠的热甩尾潜伏期（tail-flick latency,TFL）基础值,随后每天第一次给药50min后测量其TFL。第8天最后一次给药80min后（除2组和5组之外）断头取脊髓和中脑,采用RT-PCR技术测量nNOS以及NMDA受体1A（NR1A）和2A（NR2A）亚单位的表达。结果显示,2组大鼠第1天至第7天的TFL与基础值相比无显著差异;3组第7天时的TFL仍显著高于基础值;4组的TFL在第1天时最高,第2至第6天期间逐渐降低,第6天时与基础值相比无显著差异：5组的TFL在实验过程中呈下降趋势,虽然第7天时较第1天有所降低,但是仍然显著高于基础值;6组的TFL变化趋势与5组相同。PT—PCR分析结果显示,与1组相比,3组脊髓和中脑的nNOS mRNA表达显著降低,但NR1A mRNA和NR2A mRNA表达无显著改变;4组的nNOS mRNA、NR1A mRNA和NR2A mRNA表达均显著高于1组。与4组相比,6组的nNOS mRNA、NR1A mRNA和NR2A mRNA表达均显著降低。结果提示,吗啡镇痛耐受大鼠脊髓和中脑的nNOS和NMDA受体表达增加,联合应用L—NAME可抑制长期应用吗啡所致的nNOS表达增加和NMDA受体上调,延缓吗啡镇痛耐受的形成。本研究结果提示,脊髓和中脑的NO／NMDA受体与吗啡镇痛耐受形成密切相关。     

Codeine and 6-Acetylcodeine Analgesia in Mice

Summary 1. Acetylation of morphine at the 6-position changes its pharmacology. To see if similar changes are seen with codeine, we examined the analgesic actions of codeine and 6-acetylcodeine.2. Like codeine, 6-acetylcodeine is an effective analgesic systemically, supraspinally and spinally, with a potency approximately a third that of codeine.3. The sensitivity of 6-acetylcodeine analgesia to the mu-selective antagonists β-FNA and naloxonazine confirmed its classification as a mu opioid. However, it differed from the other mu analgesics in other paradigms.4. Antisense mapping revealed the sensitivity of 6-acetylcodeine to probes targeting exons 1 and 2 of the mu opioid receptor gene (Oprm), a profile distinct from either codeine or morphine. Although heroin analgesia also is sensitive to antisense targeting exons 1 and 2, heroin analgesia also is sensitive to the antagonist 3-O-methylnaltrexone, while 6-acetylcodeine analgesia is not.5. Thus, 6-acetylcodeine is an effective mu opioid analgesic with a distinct pharmacological profile.