Wintering space use and site fidelity in a nomadic species,the snowy owl

Migratory species can exploit many habitats over vast geographic areas and adopt various patterns of space and habitat use throughout their annual cycle. In nomadic species, determinants of habitat use during the non‐breeding season are poorly known due to the unpredictability of their movement patterns. Here, we analysed variability in wintering space and habitat use by a highly nomadic species, the snowy owl, in eastern North America. Using 21 females tracked by satellite telemetry between 2007 and 2016, we 1) assessed how space use patterns in winter varied according to the type of environment (marine vs terrestrial), latitudinal zone (Arctic vs temperate), local snow conditions and lemming densities and 2) investigated winter habitat and site fidelity. Our results confirmed a high inter‐individual variation in patterns of habitat use by wintering snowy owls. Highly‐used areas were concentrated in the Arctic and in the marine and coastal environments. Owls wintering in the marine environment travelled over longer distances during the winter, had larger home ranges and these were divided in more smaller zones than individuals in terrestrial environments. Wintering home range sizes decreased with high winter lemming densities, use of the marine environment increased following high summer lemming densities, and a thick snow cover in autumn led to later settlement on the wintering ground. Contrary to expectations, snowy owls tended to make greater use of the marine environment when snow cover was thin. Snowy owls were highly consistent in their use of a given wintering environment and a specific latitudinal zone between years, but demonstrated flexibility in their space use and a modest site fidelity. The snowy owls’ consistency in wintering habitat use may provide them with advantages in terms of experience but their mobility and flexibility may help them to cope with changing environmental conditions at fine spatial scale.     

Activity patterns at the Arctic Circle: nocturnal eagle owls and interspecific interactions during continuous midsummer daylight

Circadian rhythms result from adaptations to biotic and abiotic environmental conditions that cycle through the day, such as light, temperature, or temporal overlap between interacting species. At high latitudes, close to or beyond the polar circles, uninterrupted midsummer daylight may pose a challenge to the circadian rhythms of otherwise nocturnal species, such as eagle owls Bubo bubo. By non‐invasive field methods, we studied eagle owl activity in light of their interactions with their main prey the water vole Arvicola amphibius, and their competitor the white‐tailed eagle Haliaeetus albicilla during continuous midsummer daylight on open, treeless islands in coastal northern Norway. We evaluated circadian rhythms, temporal overlap, exposure, and spatial distribution. The owls maintained a nocturnal activity pattern, possibly because slightly dimmer light around midnight offered favourable hunting conditions. The eagles were active throughout the 24‐h period as opposed to the strictly diurnal rhythm reported elsewhere, thus increasing temporal overlap and the potential for interference competition between the two avian predators. This may indicate an asymmetry, with the owls facing the highest cost of interference competition. The presence of eagles combined with constant daylight in this open landscape may make the owls vulnerable to interspecific aggression, and contrary to the available literature, eagle owls rarely exposed themselves visually during territorial calls, possibly to avoid detection by eagles. We found indications of spatial segregation between owls and eagles reflecting differences in main prey, possibly in combination with habitat‐mediated avoidance. Eagle owl vocal activity peaked in the evening before a nocturnal peak in visual observations, when owls were active hunting, consistent with the hypothesis of a dusk chorus in nocturnal bird species. The owls may have had to trade‐off between calling and foraging during the few hours around midnight when slightly dimmer light reduced the detection risk while also providing better hunting conditions     

史前古人类之间的基因交流及对当今现代人的影响

古DNA实验技术及高通量测序技术的出现和发展,使得直接从古老化石中进行遗传物质的提取及测序成为可能,与古人类相关的基因组学研究因此取得了一系列突破性进展,已灭绝的古老型人类(如:尼安德特人和丹尼索瓦人)与非洲以外现代人之间基因的相互影响已被诸多证据所证实。研究表明,在史前时期,早期现代人向非洲以外地区扩散时,遭遇到了现已灭绝的古老型人类,他们在同一时空内长期共存,并发生了基因交流,有一部分古老型人类基因因此流向了现代人,有些基因一直流传至今,对当今现代人的基因组成产生重大影响;此外,不同古老型人类之间也存在基因交流;而早期现代人也对部分古老型人类的基因组成造成了影响。化石与古DNA信息的证据均表明,史前各种人类之间的基因交流在多个地区发生多次,他们的基因交流共同构建了当今现代人的基因库,并在生理机能、形态和疾病发生率等方面对现代人造成了深远的影响。     

Three dimensional typological studies using scanning electron microscopy for characterization of Termitomyces pellets obtained from submerged growth conditions

There are gaps in existing understanding of fungal pellet growth dynamics. We used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for morphological characterization of the biomass organization of Termitomyces pellets for seven species: T. microcarpus (TMI1), T. albuminosus (TAL1, TAL2), T. striatus (TSTR), T. aurantiacus (TAUR), T. heimii (THE1, THE2), T. globulus (TGLO) and T. clypeatus (TCL1, TCL2, TCL3, TCL4, TCL5). We assessed the utility of SEM for morphological and structural characterization of Termitomyces spp. in three dimensional (3D) pellet form to identify ideal pellet morphology for industrial use. Typological classification of Termitomyces species was based on furrows, isotropy, total motifs and fractal dimensions. The pellets formed were entangled and exhibited highly compacted mycelial mass with microheterogeneity and microporosity. The mean density of furrows of Termitomyces species was between 10,000 and 11,300 cm/cm², percentage isotropy was 30?80 and total motifs varied from 300 to 2500. TGLO exhibited the highest furrow mean density, 11243 cm/cm², which indicated a compact, cerebroid structure with complex ridges and furrows, whereas TAL2 exhibited the lowest furrow density. TMI1a exhibited a high percentage isotropic value, 74.6, TSTR exhibited the lowest, 30.9. Total motif number also was used as a typological classification parameter. Fractal values were 2.64?2.78 for various submerged conditions of Termitomyces species. TAL1 exhibited the highest fractal dimension and TAL2 the lowest, which indicates the complexity of branching patterns. Three-dimensional SEM image analysis can provide insight into pellet micromorphology and is a powerful tool for exploring topographical details of pellets.     

Evaluation of anti-human antibodies for immunohistochemistry on archival nonhuman primate tissues

Abstract: A panel of commercially available antibodies which recognize specific antigens on human tissues was developed for use in immunohistochemistry on tissues from eight species of nonhuman primates. Antibodies were selected for potential usefulness in diagnostic pathology, and for effectiveness in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. Tissues from four species of macaques and four New World monkeys were evaluated. Using these antibodies we were able to identify 17/21 antigens examined in all eight species, and 21/21 antigens in the four species of macaques. Detailed immunohistochemistry protocols are presented, along with a systematic approach to developing a protocol for a new antibody.     

Low heritability in morphological characters of Tengmalm's owls: The role of cyclic food and laying date?

Summary In parent—offspring regressions, high heritability estimates of characters may simply be due to common environment: the resemblance between the living conditions of parents and their offspring in species showing restricted natal dispersal. In vole-eating Tengmalm's owls (Aegolius funereus), the natal dispersal and breeding dispersal of adult females are wide (up to > 1000 km and > 500 km, respectively), whereas adult males are resident. We found that body measurements of 183 recruits born in western Finland were independent of parental age and vole abundance in the birth year. Early-laid eggs produced longer winged recruits than late-laid eggs. The wing lengths of the daughters showed a significant positive regression on the wing length of their mothers, but the removal of the maternal effect via laying date lowered this relationship. The development time of offspring to the first autumn might also be crucial for morphological characters of females in their later life. Significant regressions were not found between the wing length of the son and his father. The mother—daughter regression was small for laying date, but positive (p = 0.08) for clutch size. These results suggest low heritability in breeding and morphological characters of owls and this low heritability may enable plastic adjustment to optimize fitness at any stage in a fluctuating environment. Nonadditive genetic variance also creates variation between offspring characters that are not genetically correlated with the parents and may explain these low heritability estimates.     

发酵罐中利用黑曲霉菌丝球处理豆制品废水的研究

利用黑曲霉菌丝球处理豆制品废水的优点是黑曲霉安全性好、茵丝球易收获、利于降低成本且可以减少传统处理方式所产生的污泥量.在前期研究的基础之上,在搅拌式发酵罐中考察了黑曲霉菌丝球降低豆制品废水化学需氧量(COD)的条件.研究结果表明,当豆制品废水初始COD在2×103 mg/L,黑曲霉孢子浓度为1.44×103/L时,黑曲霉的茵丝能够在搅拌式发酵罐中形成形态均一的菌丝球,同时可将废水的COD降至842 mg/L,COD去除率达55.7％.该研究结果为在搅拌式发酵罐中利用黑曲霉菌丝球处理豆制品废水提供了参考依据.     

生态系统工程与现代混农林业生产体系

当今世界面临着人口剧增,能源短缺和环境恶化等危机。在第三世界人口飞速增长,耕地需求扩大,毁林种粮,弃林从牧的问题十分严重,引起土壤肥力衰退,水土流失,气候失调,环境恶化,从而阻碍了农牧业的发展。为了保护森林,维护环境,解决农林、牧林业之间的矛盾,有效的途径就是将农、林、牧业有机地结合起来,建立林-农复合生态系统。因而发展农林业在国际上受到充分重视,早于1977年就成立了国际农林业研究中心(ICRAF),推动农林业的研究与生产。我国对农林业的研究与推广近年来也有长足的发展。预计农林业将成为现代农业和林业的发展趋势之一。为此,我们请南京林业大学熊文愈教授和姜志林教授负责组稿、审稿和修改论文,共汇集农林业的论文16篇。这些论文部分反映了当前我国农林业的理论研究工作和实际生产经验。现经本刊编辑,计划作为农林业专题在本刊分四期刊出,以引起广大读者对农林业的重视。在此我们对熊文愈和姜志林二位教授的积极支持表示衷心的感谢。