青藏高原东缘半湿润沙地典型生态恢复模式的效果比较研究

草地退化与沙化直接影响草地生态系统的功能与服务,植被恢复是沙地恢复治理的重要方式之一,但是探究沙化草地典型生态恢复模式的恢复效果及模式优化研究不足。以野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,以重度沙化草地为对照（CK）,比较研究了青藏高原东缘沙地三种典型生态恢复模式（围栏封育（Fencing enclosure,FE）、布设高山柳沙障（Salix cupularis sandy barrier,SCSB）、布设高山柳沙障+种草（Salix cupularis sandy barrier plus planting grasses,SCSBPPG））对草本植物群落和土壤理化性质的影响。结果显示：（1）与CK相比,FE的地上草本盖度、生物量、Margalef丰富度指数和Shannon-Weiner多样性指数分别显著提高了13.54倍、13倍、3.09倍和1.80倍,且SCSBPPG的这些指标分别显著提高了11.24倍、10.50倍、1.05倍和0.83倍（P < 0.05）,而SCSB对以上指标影响均不显著。（2）三种典型生态恢复模式对沙地的土壤容重无显著影响,而三种典型生态恢复模式0-10 cm、10-20 cm和20-30 cm土层土壤含水量变化规律一致（SCSBPPG > FE > SCSB）,且SCSBPPG和FE的0-10 cm土层土壤含水量的增加最明显,分别为244.90%、176.92%（P < 0.05）,而SCSB土壤含水量相较于CK无显著差异。（3）该研究区的pH在5.74-6.21之间,FE和SCSBPPG较CK显著降低了0-30 cm各土层土壤pH（P < 0.05）。此外,三种生态恢复模式0-30 cm各土层土壤有机质、全N、全P、全K含量递减变化规律为FE > SCSBPPG > SCSB,FE和SCSBPPG各土层土壤有机质、全N、全P均高于CK,且都在土层10-20 cm增幅最大,FE的最大增幅分别为243.62%、93.94%、68.97%,SCSBPPG的最大增幅分别为118.46%、45.45%、41.38%,而SCSB显著降低了各土层土壤有机质、全N和全P量（P < 0.05）。因此,在青藏高原高寒轻度沙化草地围栏封育有利于其恢复,而重度沙化草地的生态恢复需采用植灌和种草结合的模式。研究结果可为沙地的恢复治理和可持续管理提供依据。     

Study of the independent gametophytes found on Jeju Island in South Korea and the first record of the obligate independent gametophyte of Antrophyum obovatum Baker

Fern gametophytes have often been neglected in research; however, studies on gametophytes are crucial for a better understanding of the evolution of ferns. During their life cycle, some gametophytes produce large and long‐lived populations without producing sporophytes and reproduce independently through asexual means, such as through the formation of gemmae. In this study, we investigated independent gametophytes on the Jeju Island of Korea, which was located on the land bridge between East China and Japan during the glacial periods. Fourteen gametophyte populations were collected from seven sites, of which 13 populations were clearly identified as belonging to four fern species known to occur in Jeju Island with BLAST searches using rbcL and trnL‐F sequences. Surprisingly, the last remaining population constituted undescribed taxa in Korea. We presented the first report of the independent gametophytes of Antrophyum obovatum Baker which has not been previously recorded in Korea. It has been supposed that many ferns sought suitable habitat throughout the land bridge between China and Japan. However, Jeju Island might be unsuitable for vittarioid ferns that prefer a tropical or subtropical environment. Consequently, only two species of vittariod ferns (A. obovatum and Haplopteris flexuosa (Fée) E.H. Crane) in the form of a gametophyte and sporophyte, respectively, exist on Jeju Island. Therefore, this gametophyte population must be protected and managed from a conservation perspective. In the case of the independent gametophyte of Hymenophyllum wrightii Bosch, haplotype analysis was conducted based on the rbcL sequences and the result supported that the North American populations were migrated from Japan through land bridge during the glacial periods and Jeju populations were recently established by long‐distance dispersal of the Japanese populations.     

Association Between Mobile Phone Radiation Exposure and the Secretion of Melatonin and Cortisol,Two Markers of the Circadian System: A Review

The extremely important use of mobile phones in the world, at all ages of life, including children and adolescents, leads to significant exposure of these populations to electromagnetic waves of radiofrequency. The question, therefore, arises as to whether exposure to these radiofrequencies (RFs) could lead to deleterious effects on the body's biological systems and health. In the current article, we review the effects, in laboratory animals and humans, of exposure to RF on two hormones considered as endocrine markers: melatonin, a neurohormone produced by the pineal gland and cortisol, a glucocorticosteroid synthesized by the adrenal glands. These two hormones are also considered as markers of the circadian system. The literature search was performed using PubMed, Medline, Web of Sciences (ISI Web of Knowledge), Google Scholar, and EMF Portal. From this review on RF effects on cortisol and melatonin, it appears that scientific papers in the literature are conflicting, showing effects, no effects, or inconclusive data. This implies the need for additional research on higher numbers of subjects and with protocols perfectly controlled with follow‐up studies to better determine whether the chronic effect of RF on the biological functioning and health of users exists (or not). Bioelectromagnetics. 2021;42:5–17. © 2020 Bioelectromagnetics Society     

Relationship between aquifer biofilms and unattached microbial indicators of urban groundwater contamination

Aquifers, springs and other groundwater‐dependent ecosystems are threatened by urban land use, which causes water quality deterioration through nutrient loading, sewage infiltration, groundwater extraction and, along coasts, seawater intrusion. The presence of certain microbes in groundwater can indicate that an aquifer is anthropogenically contaminated. Interpretations made from observations of indicator microbes in groundwater are limited because the relationship between the presumably allochthonous indicator microbes and relevant autochthonous microbial communities has not been characterized. This study addressed whether autochthonous aquifer biofilms can influence the presence of presumed microbial indicators in groundwater, and simultaneously used microbial indicators to trace sources of urban contamination at a karst spring of conservation concern. These questions were approached using a 17‐month time series analysis of attached biofilm and adjacent unattached bacteria in the submerged karst aquifer conduit associated with this spring. Environmental 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed to characterize these communities, and community structure data were contextualized with groundwater geochemical and hydrogeological measurements. Linear regression models were developed to explain the relative abundance patterns of indicator microbes and other unattached microbes at this site. The results of this study suggest that dominant aquifer biofilms do not influence the presence of unattached microbial taxa that are presumed to be indicators of groundwater contamination, and generated new information about the origin of coliform bacteria at the study site. These results build confidence in the use of microbial indicators in groundwater‐dependent ecosystem conservation strategies and inform future management plans for urban aquifers and springs worldwide.     

喀斯特地区土壤温度变化特征及其与环境因子的关系

喀斯特地区土壤温度变化特征对研究该区土壤活性及小气候变化具有重要意义。为探明喀斯特地区土壤温度变化特征及其与环境因子的关系,以喀斯特高原峡谷区四种典型土地类型（花椒地、金银花地、火龙果地、荒地）为研究对象,采用土壤含水量监测系统（ECH2O）对各样地土壤温度变化进行连续定点监测,分析土壤温度的动态变化特征及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明：10 cm处土壤温度日变幅最大,土层越深日变幅越小;土壤温度日变幅为夏季较大,秋、冬季较小。火龙果地、金银花地土壤温度日变幅明显大于花椒地、荒地;随着土层加深,土壤温度日变化出现滞后现象;不同季节土壤温度均为火龙果地 > 荒地 > 花椒地 > 金银花地。夏季土层越深,土壤温度越低;秋、冬季土层越深,土壤温度越高;土壤垂直温度变异系数表现为冬季大于夏季。相关分析表明,土壤温度与气温、太阳辐射及土壤含水量均呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,土壤温度变化与容重、孔隙度、土壤质地、有机碳等土壤理化性质相关性显著。花椒地土壤温度日变幅最小,与其较高的土壤含水量和总孔隙度、容重小、土壤持水性强密切相关。综上,花椒地对土壤温度的调节效果较好,因此,在喀斯特地区生态恢复的过程中,种植花椒能在一定程度上改善土壤性质,提升土壤肥力。本研究为喀斯特地区的生态恢复提供了科学依据,为植被生态效益评价提供一定参考。     

漓江流域生态系统服务价值最大化的土地利用结构优化

土地利用结构优化是促进生态系统可持续发展的重中之重,而生态管理的最终目标是优化生态系统服务,使生态系统提供的服务达到最大化。选择典型生态脆弱区漓江流域为研究区,将整个生态系统服务价值的最大化作为研究目标,首先结合野外实验和五期Landsat高分遥感影像获取基础数据,对研究区1998-2018年各项生态系统服务价值进行估算,然后结合灰色线性模型对2018-2028年价值进行预测,借助Lingo软件提出生态效益最大化的土地结构优化方案,进而对优化前后研究区生态系统服务价值进行比较与分析。结果表明：（1）近20年间研究区主要土地利用类型一直以林地与耕地为主,所占比例保持在整个流域的95%。水域与耕地面积逐年减少,林地、建设用地及未利用地面积持续增加。此外,未利用地面积发生的变化最为显著,增加了近30倍,主要由林地与耕地转变而来。（2）研究区生态系统服务价值总体约减少了19.55×10⁶元,呈现先上升后下降趋势,并将长期处于下降趋势,至2028年时流域生态系统服务价值将减少至8067.43×10⁶元。在流域整体生态系统中,林地价值最高,在历年约占流域总价值的86%,其次是水域及耕地,分别占比8%、6%。（3）对研究区进行优化后,漓江流域总生态系统服务价值增长了2%,其中主要来源于林地与水域面积的增加,提高了生态系统调节服务的供给能力,耕地、建设用地面积略微增加,未利用地面积显著减少,基本与2008年水平持平。本研究通过优化喀斯特地区关键生态系统服务价值,为该区域生态管理提供科学支撑。     

卧龙自然保护区典型生态系统服务时空变化研究

自然保护区作为生态系统服务的产生区和生物多样性保护的重点区,评估其关键生态系统服务,对提高保护区管理水平和生态保护与建设效率有重要意义。利用CASA模型、RUSLE模型、InVEST模型及水量平衡原理等方法分别定量评估了卧龙自然保护区2000年和2015年碳固定（NPP）、土壤保持、生境质量和水源涵养4种生态系统服务并分析了其时空分布及其变化特征,揭示了不同地形位梯度和土地利用类型上生态系统服务的差异,识别了生态系统服务的热点区域。研究结果揭示了2000-2015年4种生态系统服务及其变化的时空异质性：1）研究期间保护区4种生态系统服务供给量均有所增加,且增益面积大于减损面积;2）空间上,NPP、土壤保持和生境质量3种服务表现为东南高、西北低,水源涵养空间分布无明显规律,4种服务的空间分布特征均变化不大且保持相对稳定;3）4种生态系统服务空间分布及变化与地形位和土地利用类型有关。4种服务的高值和增益的优势分布区均位于较低地形位指数梯度上,以保护区东南部最为突出;林地和草地是对保护区生态系统服务贡献较大的土地利用类型,尤以林地突出;4）热点分析表明保护区东南部是主要的生态系统服务供给热点区,研究期间Ⅳ类热点区面积显著增加。结合研究区域生态系统特征和生态恢复与管理政策,探讨分析了目标生态系统服务时空变化的自然生态和社会经济驱动力,为本区域生态系统恢复和生物多样性保护提供依据和建议。     

南滚河流域土地利用变化对亚洲象生境的影响

土地利用变化对亚洲象生境影响显著,明晰其影响机制是有效保护亚洲象的前提。为探明土地利用变化对亚洲象生境影响的时空过程及机制,以亚洲象残存的中-缅跨境流域-南滚河流域为例,在1988和2018年两期Landsat土地利用/土地覆被遥感分类图的基础上,采用LandTrendr算法检测30年间流域土地利用变化引起的天然林扰动,结合生态位因子分析（ENFA）模型评定的亚洲象生境适宜性分布,探究以天然林扰动为主的土地利用变化对亚洲象生境的影响。结果表明：（1）1988-2018年间,南滚河流域土地利用变化主要为天然林转化为其他地类,且天然林扰动强度在中、缅境内差异明显;（2）以橡胶种植扩张导致毁林为主的土地利用变化造成南滚河流域亚洲象生境萎缩,生境斑块间连通性降低,破碎化程度较高;（3）该流域亚洲象生境丧失过程表现为由边缘向内部逐渐被蚕食,适宜生境最终被分割为上、下游两个相互孤立的子区域。因此,抑制以橡胶林为主的热作种植扩张,恢复上、下游生境连通性,建立流域尺度的跨境保护区,是实现南滚河流域亚洲象种群保护和缓解人象冲突的重要途径。     

东江流域景观格局对氮、磷输出的影响

基于实地采样水质数据与遥感解译所得土地利用数据,采用相关分析和冗余分析,从时间和空间两个尺度,探讨东江流域景观格局与氮、磷输出的关系。结果表明：（1）城镇和水域面积占比与河流氮磷含量正相关,林地和草地面积占比与河流氮磷含量负相关。（2）景观分裂指数（DIVISION）、香浓多样性指数（SHDI）、散布与并列指数（IJI）、边缘密度（ED）和斑块密度（PD）等景观指数与河流氮磷含量呈正相关关系,最大斑块指数（LPI）、蔓延度指数（CONTAG）和相似邻近比例（PLADJ）与河流总氮总磷含量负相关。（3）平水期河流水质与景观格局的相关性强于丰水期;从空间尺度来看,集水区尺度与河流水质的相关性好于缓冲区尺度;此外,总氮对于景观格局的响应比总磷更敏感。