全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4528篇 |
免费 | 644篇 |
国内免费 | 438篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 17篇 |
2023年 | 72篇 |
2022年 | 115篇 |
2021年 | 144篇 |
2020年 | 222篇 |
2019年 | 201篇 |
2018年 | 211篇 |
2017年 | 177篇 |
2016年 | 167篇 |
2015年 | 231篇 |
2014年 | 239篇 |
2013年 | 328篇 |
2012年 | 151篇 |
2011年 | 227篇 |
2010年 | 200篇 |
2009年 | 222篇 |
2008年 | 247篇 |
2007年 | 228篇 |
2006年 | 239篇 |
2005年 | 187篇 |
2004年 | 197篇 |
2003年 | 177篇 |
2002年 | 168篇 |
2001年 | 125篇 |
2000年 | 116篇 |
1999年 | 91篇 |
1998年 | 83篇 |
1997年 | 72篇 |
1996年 | 67篇 |
1995年 | 44篇 |
1994年 | 65篇 |
1993年 | 51篇 |
1992年 | 53篇 |
1991年 | 26篇 |
1990年 | 31篇 |
1989年 | 38篇 |
1988年 | 26篇 |
1987年 | 25篇 |
1986年 | 31篇 |
1985年 | 60篇 |
1984年 | 55篇 |
1983年 | 43篇 |
1982年 | 39篇 |
1981年 | 29篇 |
1980年 | 24篇 |
1979年 | 13篇 |
1978年 | 12篇 |
1977年 | 9篇 |
1976年 | 6篇 |
1975年 | 6篇 |
排序方式: 共有5610条查询结果,搜索用时 109 毫秒
131.
TIMOTHY D. SWAIN 《Molecular ecology》2010,19(12):2587-2598
Two fundamental symbiosis‐based trophic types are recognized among Zoanthidea (Cnidaria, Anthozoa): fixed carbon is either obtained directly from zooxanthellae photosymbionts or from environmental sources through feeding with the assistance of host‐invertebrate behaviour and structure. Each trophic type is characteristic of the suborders of Zoanthidea and is associated with substantial distributional asymmetries: suborder Macrocnemina are symbionts of invertebrates and have global geographic and bathymetric distributions and suborder Brachycnemina are hosts of endosymbiotic zooxanthellae and are restricted to tropical photic zones. While exposure to solar radiation could explain the bathymetric asymmetry it does not explain the geographic asymmetry, nor is it clear why evolutionary transitions to the zooxanthellae‐free state have apparently occurred within Macrocnemina but not within Brachycnemina. To better understand the transitions between symbiosis‐based trophic types of Zoanthidea, a concatenated data set of nuclear and mitochondrial nucleotide sequences were used to test hypotheses of monophyly for groups defined by morphology and symbiosis, and to reconstruct the evolutionary transitions of morphological and symbiotic characters. The results indicate that the morphological characters that define Macrocnemina are plesiomorphic and the characters that define its subordinate taxa are homoplasious. Symbioses with invertebrates have ancient and recent transitions with a general pattern of stability in host associations through evolutionary time. The reduction in distribution of Zoanthidea is independent of the evolution of zooxanthellae symbiosis and consistent with hypotheses of the benefits of invertebrate symbioses, indicating that the ability to persist in most habitats may have been lost with the termination of symbioses with invertebrates. 相似文献
132.
133.
Joonam Park Kyu Tae Kim Dae Yang Oh Dahee Jin Dohwan Kim Yoon Seok Jung Yong Min Lee 《Liver Transplantation》2020,10(35)
The digital twin technique has been broadly utilized to efficiently and effectively predict the performance and problems associated with real objects via a virtual replica. However, the digitalization of twin electrochemical systems has not been achieved thus far, owing to the large amount of required calculations of numerous and complex differential equations in multiple dimensions. Nevertheless, with the help of continuous progress in hardware and software technologies, the fabrication of a digital twin‐driven electrochemical system and its effective utilization have become a possibility. Herein, a digital twin‐driven all‐solid‐state battery with a solid sulfide electrolyte is built based on a voxel‐based microstructure. Its validity is verified using experimental data, such as effective electronic/ionic conductivities and electrochemical performance, for LiNi0.70Co0.15Mn0.15O2 composite electrodes employing Li6PS5Cl. The fundamental performance of the all‐solid‐state battery is scrutinized by analyzing simulated physical and electrochemical behaviors in terms of mass transport and interfacial electrochemical reaction kinetics. The digital twin model herein reveals valuable but experimentally inaccessible time‐ and space‐resolved information including dead particles, specific contact area, and charge distribution in the 3D domain. Thus, this new computational model is bound to rapidly improve the all‐solid‐state battery technology by saving the research resources and providing valuable insights. 相似文献
134.
Ya‐Qian Zhang Yaosen Tian Yihan Xiao Lincoln J. Miara Yuichi Aihara Tomoyuki Tsujimura Tan Shi M. C. Scott Gerbrand Ceder 《Liver Transplantation》2020,10(27)
The interfacial instability between a thiophosphate solid electrolyte and oxide cathodes results in rapid capacity fade and has driven the need for cathode coatings. In this work, the stability, evolution, and performance of uncoated, Li2ZrO3‐coated, and Li3B11O18‐coated LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathodes are compared using first‐principles computations and electron microscopy characterization. Li3B11O18 is identified as a superior coating that exhibits excellent oxidation/chemical stability, leading to substantially improved performance over cells with Li2ZrO3‐coated or uncoated cathodes. The chemical and structural origin of the different performance is interpreted using different microscopy techniques which enable the direct observation of the phase decomposition of the Li2ZrO3 coating. It is observed that Li is already extracted from the Li2ZrO3 in the first charge, leading to the formation of ZrO2 nanocrystallites with loss of protection of the cathode. After 50 cycles separated (Co, Ni)‐sulfides and Mn‐sulfides can be observed within the Li2ZrO3‐coated material. This work illustrates the severity of the interfacial reactions between a thiophosphate electrolyte and oxide cathode and shows the importance of using coating materials that are absolutely stable at high voltage. 相似文献
135.
Changzhi Sun Aming Lin Wenwen Li Jun Jin Yiyang Sun Jianhua Yang Zhaoyin Wen 《Liver Transplantation》2020,10(3)
The introduction of 3D wettable current collectors is one of the practical strategies toward realizing high reversibility of lithium (Li) metal anodes, yet its effect is usually insufficient owing to single electron‐conductive skeleton. Here, homogeneous Li deposition behavior and enhanced Coulombic efficiency is reported for electrochemically lithiated Cu3P nanowires, owing to the formation of a mixed ion/electron‐conducting skeleton (MIECS). In particular, by evaluating the Gibbs free energy change, the possible chemical reaction between Cu3P and molten Li is used to construct a MIECS containing Li3P and Cu–Li alloy phase. The successful conversion of Cu3P nanowires to Li3P and Cu–Li alloy nanocomposite not only greatly reduces the surface energy between molten Li and Cu3P, but also induces uniform Li stripping/plating behavior via balanced ion/electron transport. Thus, the as‐obtained Li@MIECS composite anode displays superior cycling stability in both symmetric cells and full cells. This work provides a promising option for the preparation of high‐performance composite Li anodes containing MIECS by thermally pre‐storing Li. 相似文献
136.
137.
Akchheta Karki Joachim Vollbrecht Alexander J. Gillett Philipp Selter Jaewon Lee Zhengxing Peng Nora Schopp Alana L. Dixon Max Schrock Vojtech Ndady Franz Schauer Harald Ade Bradley F. Chmelka Guillermo C. Bazan Richard H. Friend Thuc‐Quyen Nguyen 《Liver Transplantation》2020,10(29)
Even though significant breakthroughs with over 18% power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) in polymer:non‐fullerene acceptor (NFA) bulk heterojunction organic solar cells (OSCs) have been achieved, not many studies have focused on acquiring a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms governing these systems. This is because it can be challenging to delineate device photophysics in polymer:NFA blends comprehensively, and even more complicated to trace the origins of the differences in device photophysics to the subtle differences in energetics and morphology. Here, a systematic study of a series of polymer:NFA blends is conducted to unify and correlate the cumulative effects of i) voltage losses, ii) charge generation efficiencies, iii) non‐geminate recombination and extraction dynamics, and iv) nuanced morphological differences with device performances. Most importantly, a deconvolution of the major loss processes in polymer:NFA blends and their connections to the complex BHJ morphology and energetics are established. An extension to advanced morphological techniques, such as solid‐state NMR (for atomic level insights on the local ordering and donor:acceptor π? π interactions) and resonant soft X‐ray scattering (for donor and acceptor interfacial area and domain spacings), provide detailed insights on how efficient charge generation, transport, and extraction processes can outweigh increased voltage losses to yield high PCEs. 相似文献
138.
Mengran Wang Yuan Li Jing Fang Cesar J. Villa Yaobin Xu Shiqiang Hao Jie Li Yexiang Liu Chris Wolverton Xinqi Chen Vinayak P. Dravid Yanqing Lai 《Liver Transplantation》2020,10(3)
Carbon dots have been recognized as one of the most promising candidates for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline media. However, the desired ORR performance in metal–air batteries is often limited by the moderate electrocatalytic activity and the lack of a method to realize good dispersion. To address these issues, herein a biomass‐deriving method is reported to achieve the in situ phosphorus doping (P‐doping) of carbon dots and their simultaneous decoration onto graphene matrix. The resultant product, namely P‐doped carbon dot/graphene (P‐CD/G) nanocomposites, can reach an ultrahigh P‐doping level for carbon nanomaterials. The P‐CD/G nanocomposites are found to exhibit excellent ORR activity, which is highly comparable to the commercial Pt/C catalysts. When used as the cathode materials for a primary liquid Al–air battery, the device shows an impressive power density of 157.3 mW cm?2 (comparing to 151.5 mW cm?2 of a similar Pt/C battery). Finally, an all‐solid‐state flexible Al–air battery is designed and fabricated based on our new nanocomposites. The device exhibits a stable discharge voltage of ≈1.2 V upon different bending states. This study introduces a unique biomass‐derived material system to replace the noble metal catalysts for future portable and wearable electronic devices. 相似文献
139.
140.
摘要 目的:探讨龙血竭胶囊合九华膏对环状混合痔(RMH)术后患者创面愈合、血清炎性因子和免疫功能的影响。方法:选取2016年7月~2019年12月期间我院收治的RMH患者93例,根据随机数字表法分为对照组(n=46,马应龙麝香痔疮膏治疗)和研究组(n=47,龙血竭胶囊合九华膏治疗),比较两组患者疗效、创面愈合情况、不良反应、血清炎性因子和免疫功能。结果:治疗10 d后,研究组的临床总有效率为89.36%(42/47),高于对照组的71.74%(33/46)(P<0.05)。两组治疗10 d后创面渗液、水肿、疼痛、创面肉芽组织评分下降,创面面积减小,且研究组低于对照组(P<0.05)。两组治疗10 d后肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-6(IL-6)、白介素-2(IL-2)均下降,且研究组低于对照组(P<0.05)。两组治疗10 d后免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)均升高,且研究组高于对照组(P<0.05)。研究组并发症发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:RMH患者术后采用龙血竭胶囊合九华膏治疗,疗效较好,可有效促进创面愈合,减轻炎症反应,改善机体免疫功能,同时还可减少并发症发生率。 相似文献