Kinetic characterization and fed-batch fermentation for maximal simultaneous production of esterase and protease from Lysinibacillus fusiformis AU01

The simultaneous production of intracellular esterase and extracellular protease from the strain Lysinibacillus fusiformis AU01 was studied in detail. The production was performed both under batch and fed-batch modes. The maximum yield of intracellular esterase and protease was obtained under full oxygen saturation at the beginning of the fermentation. The data were fitted to the Luedeking–Piret model and it was shown that the enzyme (both esterase and protease) production was growth associated. A decrease in intracellular esterase and increase in the extracellular esterase were observed during late stationary phase. The appearance of intracellular proteins in extracellular media and decrease in viable cell count and biomass during late stationary phase confirmed that the presence of extracellular esterase is due to cell lysis. Even though the fed-batch fermentation with different feeding strategies showed improved productivity, feeding yeast extract under DO-stat fermentation conditions showed highest intracellular esterase and protease production. Under DO-stat fed-batch cultivation, maximum intracellular esterase activity of 820?×?10³ U/L and extracellular protease activity of 172?×?10³ U/L were obtained at the 16th?hr. Intracellular esterase and extracellular protease production were increased fivefold and fourfold, respectively, when compared to batch fermentation performed under shake flask conditions.     

对SDS稳定的V8(V125T)蛋白酶突变体的高效表达及性质研究

谷氨酰内切酶能特异性切割谷氨酸、天冬氨酸残基羧基端结合的肽键。将含有V8蛋白酶突变体(V125T)基因的表达质粒的重组大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),在50L发酵罐中发酵,融合蛋白为可溶性表达,可得菌湿重50g/L,相对蛋白表达量为33%。融合蛋白采用GST亲和纯化、肠激酶激活、DEAE-FF阴离子交换层析,得到纯的V8(V125T)突变体,经纯化后可获得0.998mg蛋白/g菌(湿重),比活为13.47 U/mg pro.纯化过程的酶活回收率达到了97.9%。对纯酶进行酶学性质分析,以Z-Phe-Leu-Glu-p NA作为底物测得V8(V125T)蛋白酶的Km为0.339mmol/L,Vmax为16.642μmol/min。其最适pH为8.0,在pH4.0~10.0之间较稳定;最适反应温度在45℃,12h内在4~35℃有很好的温度稳定性;25℃条件下1mmol/L的金属离子对酶具有不同程度的影响,其中Fe~(3+)的抑制作用最强;2mol/L尿素及1mmol/L EDTA对酶活性无影响,在0.1%SDS中保存12h、在0.5%SDS中4h和在1%SDS中1h,活性均能维持90%以上,在0.5%,0.1%SDS保存12h,仍能保持80%和64%的活性,与未突变的重组V8蛋白酶相比,该突变体对SDS的耐受性得到极大提高。     

Differential expression of cysteine proteases in developmental stages of the parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

An expressed sequence tag database of the freshwater fish parasite, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ciliophora) was analyzed to seek for proteases potentially involved in the invasion and degradation of host tissues during infection. The translation of the database revealed two cathepsin L cysteine proteases (Icp1 and Icp2) of the C1A peptidase subfamily. The analysis of Icp1 and Icp2 sequences suggested that both proteases would be synthesized as preproproteins, with a mature domain of 27.9 and 22.8 kDa, respectively. Their expression level was determined in the trophont parasitic stage, in the tomont reproductive stage, and in the theront infective stage by real-time RT-PCR. ICP1 and ICP2 were significantly upregulated in trophont and theront stages in comparison with the tomont stage. Mature peptides of Icp1 and Icp2 were identified in crude extracts of I. multifiliis trophonts by LC-MS/MS. Zymograms showed three to seven activity bands at the optimum pH of cathepsin L cysteine proteases. Two bands displaying cysteine protease activity were identified by inhibition with E-64. They represented the major proteolytic activity of the trophont stage at pH 5-7, suggesting that cysteine proteases play an important role in the infection process.     

HcNPV半胱氨酸蛋白酶,几丁质酶基因失活分析

将含有美国白蛾核型多角体病毒（Ｈｙｐｈａｎｔｒｉａ ｃｕｍｅａ ｎｕｃｌｅａｒ ｐｏｌｙｈｅｄｒｏｓｉｓ ｖｉｒｕｓ,ＨｃＮＰＶ）半胱氨酸蛋白酶基因（ＣＰ）的自然和几丁质酶基因（ＣｈｉＡ）的片段克隆进ＰＣＲⅡ,构建了转移载体ｐＨｃＣＶｄｅｌ;将含有ＨｃＮＰＶ多角体蛋白全基因（ｐｏｌｈ）序列的片段插入到ｐＨｃＣＶｄｅｌ的ＥｃｏＲＩ位点,得到重组转移载体ｐＨｃＣＶｐｏｌｈ。通过重组转移载体与含有家蚕促     

Comparative analysis of ER stress response into HIV protease inhibitors: Lopinavir but not darunavir induces potent ER stress response via ROS/JNK pathway

HIV protease inhibitor (PI)-induced ER stress has been associated with adverse effects. Although it is a serious clinical problem for HIV/AIDS patients, comparative analyses of ER stress induction by clinically used PIs have rarely been done. Especially, there is no report on the differential ER stress response between lopinavir (LPV) and darunavir (DRV), although these PIs are the most clinically used PIs. We show here that LPV induces the most potent CHOP expression, ER stress marker, among the 9 Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved PIs in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, several human epithelial cells, and mouse embryonic fibroblasts. LPV induced the most potent ROS production and JNK activation in 9 PIs. A comparison among the most clinically used PIs, ritonavir (RTV), LPV, and DRV, revealed that LPV potently and RTV moderately but not DRV induced ER stress via ROS-dependent JNK activation rather than proteasome inhibition. Finally, we analyzed ER stress induction in tissues of mice intraperitoneally injected with RTV, LPV, and DRV. RTV and LPV but not DRV showed ER stress induction in several mice tissues. In conclusion, we first identify LPV as the most potent ER stress inducing PI among 9 FDA-approved PIs in human cells, and although clinical verification is necessary, we show here that DRV has the advantage of less ROS and ER stress induction potential compared with LPV in vitro and in vivo.     

Extracellular protease from Bacillus coagulans,a psychrotrophic,Antarctic bacterium

Bacillus coagulans, when grown on casein at 20°C, produced an inducible, metalloprotease of 28 kDa at 1.6 U/mg cell protein. (NH₄)₂SO₄ at 2 g/l decreased enzyme production irrespective of carbon source.The authors are with the Defence R & D Establishment, Tansen Road, Gwalior-474 002, India.     

The effect of serine and thiol protease inhibitors on the chemiluminescence of human neutrophils in investigations In Vitro

We have studied an indirect role of serine and thiol proteases in the activation of human neutrophils in vitro. Stimulation was evaluated using a chemiluminescence (CL) generation system. Receptor-dependent and receptor-independent stimuli were studied, e.g. opsonized zymosan, formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, platelet activating factor, phorbol myristate acetate, and calcium ionophore A23187. The serine protease inhibitors TPCK and TLCK, and thiol protease inhibitor PHMB, diminished the CL with different potencies and in a dose-dependent manner after treatment of cells with the various stimuli. Non-specific serine protease inhibitor, PMSF, and trypsin substrate TAME, showed a low inhibitory potency with respect to CL generation. Synthetic substrates for chymotrypsin (BTEE, ATEE) significantly inhibited CL with the various stimuli used with some differences in susceptibility to their inhibition. Specific chymotrypsin inhibitors diminished both the resting and activator-induced CL. We suggest that cell-bound chymotrypsin-like protease(s) is involved in the activation of signal transduction in human neutrophils after both receptor-dependent and receptor-independent stimulation.