The potential of history textbooks and curriculum reform in Iraqi Kurdistan within a conflict transformation frame: dealing with the past from a processual and dynamic perspective

As of 2015, Kurds in Iraq remain masters of an autonomous region, considered by many as a de facto state, and important brokers within the Iraqi political arena. Prompted by these ‘gains’, many observers and researchers have been inclined to announce the imminent establishment of a Kurdish state. However, this article argues that scholars should be cautious before pronouncing a complete break between the Iraqi state and the Kurds. It shows from a processual and dynamic approach how and why scholars should go beyond the ‘assimilation versus resistance’ dichotomy in order to better grasp the relations between ‘majorities’ and ‘minorities’ in Iraq and in the Middle East, in general. Yet, acknowledging the present deadlock, it explores the conditions that may allow history textbooks to play a role in easing ethnic relations by rewriting Kurdish history. It could lead to the emergence of a new, collective, albeit multiple, Iraqi history.     

Symbolic dimensions of the anti‐opium campaign in Laos

This article is concerned with the campaign to eradicate opium consumption and cultivation among highland minorities of northern Laos. The campaign has attracted political explanations that emphasise external pressure and enticements from the United States and the United Nations as part of the global War on Drugs. I argue that such explanations ignore the symbolic aspects of the domestic process of Laoisation in post‐socialist Laos that has marginalised ethnic minorities and has transformed opium into a key symbol of primitiveness and backwardness and into a fetishised cause of poverty.     

Recent increase of the exogamy rate in the Greek ethno-minority of Italy

In a study of the Greek ethno-linguistic community of Italy (nine villages in Apulia and four in Calabria) marriage data was obtained through direct interviews of 1653 families of primary school students (6–13 years old). The information collected consisted of the birth place of parents and grandparents of each informant. The data demonstrated that in the last generation an increase of intermarriage with native Italian speaking individuals occurred both in Apulia and Calabria (Apulia: grandparents 15.7%vs parents 33.5%; Calabria: grandparents 15.2%vs parents 31.9%).     

Analysis of pre-residency research productivity,dual degree status,and gender distribution of underrepresented minorities among a current United States radiation oncology junior resident class

BackgroundAmong the most competitive medical subspecialties, representation of underrepresented minorities (African–American race and/or Hispanic ethnicity) among resident trainees has historically been low compared to their United States Census general population representation. Research productivity and dual degree status may impact residency applicant competitiveness. To date, such an analysis has yet to be performed in Radiation Oncology.MethodsA list of radiation oncology residents from the graduating class of 2022 was obtained through internet searches. Demographics included were gender and dual degree status. Research productivity was calculated using the number of pre-residency peer-reviewed publications (PRP). Fisher's exact test was used for statistical analysis.ResultsOf the 179 residents evaluated from the 2022 class, eleven (6.1%) were underrepresented minorities. Compared to the remainder of the class, underrepresented minorities had a lower proportion of men (63.6% versus 69.3%), a higher proportion of dual degrees (45.5% versus 28.6%), and a lower proportion of MD-PhD degrees (9.1% versus 17.2%). Underrepresented minorities had a higher proportion of residents with at least two PRP (72.7% versus 57.1%) and a lower proportion of residents with no PRP (18.2% versus 24.4%). None of these differences reached statistical significance (p > 0.05).ConclusionUnderrepresented minorities were comparable to the remainder of their Radiation Oncology resident class regarding gender distribution, dual degrees status, and likelihood of having at least two peer-reviewed publications cited in PubMed during the calendar year of residency application. Further studies will be needed to determine how these findings translate into future scholarly activity and post-graduate career choice.     

Adverse childhood experiences: a meta-analysis of prevalence and moderators among half a million adults in 206 studies

Exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), including maltreatment and family dysfunction, is a major contributor to the global burden of disease and disability. With a large body of international literature on ACEs having emerged over the past 25 years, it is timely to now synthetize the available evidence to estimate the global prevalence of ACEs and, through a series of moderator analyses, determine which populations are at higher risk. We searched studies published between January 1, 1998 and August 5, 2021 in Medline, PsycINFO and Embase. Study inclusion criteria were using the 8- or 10-item ACE Questionnaire (±2 items), reporting the prevalence of ACEs in population samples of adults, and being published in English. The review protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022348429). In total, 206 studies (208 sample estimates) from 22 countries, with 546,458 adult participants, were included. The pooled prevalence of the five levels of ACEs was: 39.9% (95% CI: 29.8-49.2) for no ACE; 22.4% (95% CI: 14.1-30.6) for one ACE; 13.0% (95% CI: 6.5-19.8) for two ACEs; 8.7% (95% CI: 3.4-14.5) for three ACEs, and 16.1% (95% CI: 8.9-23.5) for four or more ACEs. In subsequent moderation analyses, there was strong evidence that the prevalence of 4+ ACEs was higher in populations with a history of a mental health condition (47.5%; 95% CI: 34.4-60.7) and with substance abuse or addiction (55.2%; 95% CI: 45.5-64.8), as well as in individuals from low-income households (40.5%; 95% CI: 32.9-48.4) and unhoused individuals (59.7%; 95% CI: 56.8-62.4). There was also good evidence that the prevalence of 4+ ACEs was larger in minoritized racial/ethnic groups, particularly when comparing study estimates in populations identifying as Indigenous/Native American (40.8%; 95% CI: 23.1-59.8) to those identifying as White (12.1%; 95% CI: 10.2-14.2) and Asian (5.6%; 95% CI: 2.4-10.2). Thus, ACEs are common in the general population, but there are disparities in their prevalence. They are among the principal antecedent threats to individual well-being and, as such, constitute a pressing social issue globally. Both prevention strategies and downstream interventions are needed to reduce the prevalence and mitigate the severity of the effects of ACEs and thereby reduce their deleterious health consequences on future generations.