三七植物各部位的研究和开发利用

本文报道了对三七根、绒根、根茎、茎叶、花蕾,果实,果梗等的化学成分研究;皂甙提取分离方法;皂甙及黄酮类成分的生理活性及新药开发利用等的研究概况。     

Protective effect of Zizyphus lotus jujube fruits against cypermethrin-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in mice

Context: Cypermethrin (CYP) is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide used worldwide in agriculture, home pest control. The toxicity of CYP is well studied in many organisms.

Objective: The aim of present study was to investigate the protective effect of Zizyphus lotus (Zizyp) fruit against neurotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by CYP in mice.

Materials and methods: Mice were divided into four groups of six each: groups I and II were used as control and CYP control (20?mg/kg body weight). While, groups III was orally treated with Zizyphus lotus fruit (5?g/kg body weight) plus CYP (20?mg/kg body weight) for 18?days. Furthermore, HPLC–ESI–MS–MS (Q-Tof) and GC–MS were used to identify the compounds fraction.

Results: Antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT), neurotoxicity enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)_, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined in the liver, kidney and heart. CYP caused decreased CAT activity, inhibition of AChE activity and increased the levels of H₂O₂ and MDA in heart, liver and kidney.

Conclusion: Our results indicate that Zizyp fruit is markedly effective in protecting mice against CYP-induced biochemical changes. This protection may be due to its antioxidant property and scavenging ability against active free radicals.     

3D打印技术辅助前侧微创入路手术治疗不稳定型骨盆骨折的临床疗效分析

目的:探讨3D打印技术辅助前侧微创入路手术治疗不稳定型骨盆骨折的临床疗效及安全性。方法:选择2014年8月到2017年2月在我院诊治的骨盆骨折患者78例作为研究对象,按照随机信封抽签原则分为观察组与对照组,每组各39例。对照组采用常规X线与CT进行手术设计,观察组采用3D打印技术进行手术设计,两组都给予前侧微创入路手术治疗,比较两组的手术时间、切口长度、骨折愈合时间、术中出血量、术中和术后并发症的发生情况及术后3个月的骨盆功能优良率。结果:所有患者都完成手术,无术中严重并发症发生,两组手术时间及切口长度对比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。对照组的骨折愈合时间、术中出血量显著高于观察组(P0.05)。观察组术后并发症的发生率(5.1%)显著低于对照组(25.6%)(P0.05),术后3个月的骨盆功能优良率(97.4%)显著高于对照组(74.4%)(P0.05)。结论:与常规X线与CT前侧微创入路手术治疗比较,3D打印技术辅助前侧微创入路手术治疗不稳定型骨盆骨折可为患者提供安全、有效、个性化的治疗,减少术后并发症的发生,改善患者的骨盆功能。     

Attenuation of UV radiation by plant cuticles from woody species

Transmittance spectra of isolated plant cuticles were measured in the wavelength range from 270 to 600 nm. The cuticles were enzymatically isolated from the leaves of 27 species (26 evergreen or deciduous woody, one succulent herbaceous) and from four species of fruits. With the exception of subtropical and tropical species all plants were cultivated in the field. The cuticles of the species studied strongly attenuated ultraviolet (UV) radiation at wavelengths < 400 nm while they were practically translucent in the visible range. Relatively broad transmittance minima occurred at wavelengths from 280 to 320 nm (UV-B). Spectral transmittances at 300 nm ranged from 0.004 (Ilex aquifolium) to 0.50 (Prunus avium) for leaf cuticles and from 0.00023 (Cydonia oblonga) to 0.005 (Mains domestica) for fruit cuticles. The constitutive UV protection by cuticular pigments may be supplemented, to varying degrees, by pigments located in the epidermal cell wall and protoplast. Thus, it is concluded that only a small fraction of incident UV-B radiation may actually reach the sensitive tissues of the leaves of non-herbaceous species and of fruits.     

Acylresorcinols from Virola sebifera and Virola elongata

The fruits of Virola sebifera and V. elongata (Myristicaceae) contain three ω-phenylundecanoyl-substituted compounds, a 2,6-dihydroxybenzene, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzene and a 3-hydroxycyclohexan-2,6-dione. Three additional 2,6-dihydroxybenzenes are substituted by hexadecanoyl, hexadec-4Z-enoyl and 8-hydroxyoctadec-4Z-enoyl groups.     

Field parasitism levels of Ceratitis capitata larvae (Diptera: Tephritidae) by Aganaspis daci on different host fruit species in the coastal region of Tartous,Syria

The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a key pest of fruit trees in Syria and is attacked by the larval-pupal parasitoid, Aganaspis daci (Weld) (Hymenoptera: Figitidae). The seasonal population dynamics and distribution of A. daci were studied in surveys of orchards [Citrus reticulatum (clementine), Citrus sinensis (maourdi blood orange), Citrus paradise (grapefruit), C. sinensis (sweet orange), Eriobotrya japonica (loquat), Prunus persica (peach), Prunus domestica (plum), Malus domestica (apple), Figus carica (fig) and Psidium guajava (guava)] at eight locations along the coastal region of Syria, between November 2013 and November 2014. A total of 69.4?kg of infested fruits were sampled, yielding 4274 puparia. From these, 3173 emerged as C. capitata adults, 351 as hymenopteran parasitoids and 750 did not eclose. The parasitoids were identified as A. daci (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) and Psyttalia sp. (Szépligeti) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). The predominant species was A. daci comprising 348 (99.1%) of the total number of parasitoids collected. Populations of A. daci were present from May 2014 to September 2014, and numbers increased with increasing temperature to peak at 32.05% and 34.01% parasitism in June and August 2014, respectively. Parasitoids were only retrieved from larvae reared from loquat, grapefruit, peach and guava with parasitism levels of 1.68%, 30.76%, 18.28% and 16.15%, respectively. These results are important because they suggest that populations of A. daci have potential to be used for biological control in integrated pest management programmes for C. capitata in the coastal region of Syria.     

An appraisal of seed enumeration and videographic techniques for determining seed removal rates by birds

We examined the efficacy of seed enumeration and videographic techniques for determining seed removal by birds from indigenous (Chrysanthemoides monilifera and Olea europaea subsp africana) and alien (Lantana camara and Solanum mauritianum) shrubs at different study sites in the Cape Floristic Region. The seed enumeration technique involved counting the numbers of fruits and associated seeds removed monthly by birds, excluding those naturally abscised, from the shrub canopy. The videographic technique involved visual counts from images of the numbers of fruits and associated seeds consumed by birds over specific time intervals captured by a digital camcorder. Daily seed removal rates by all birds, irrespective of species, measured by both techniques were similar with no significant interactions evident between measuring techniques, site and shrub species. Both techniques displayed higher seed removal from tiny‐seeded S. mauritianum than other shrub species; this was also evident among individual bird species. However, the seed enumeration technique was unable to discriminate between foraging organisms, contamination of traps by wind‐blown fruits abscised from neighbouring branches and fruit theft from the canopy and the traps. In contrast, the videographic technique provided permanent visual and time‐lapse records for individual foraging bird species allowing greater measurement precision and interpretation of fruit removal behaviour by birds. We recommend use of the videographic technique over the seed enumeration technique for studying vertebrates’ seed removal in a detailed manner.     

Cloning and characterization of a third type of human α-amylase gene, AMY2B

We have previously reported concerning the existence of a third type of human α-amylase gene, AMY3 [Emi et al., Gene 62 (1988) 229–235; Tomita et al., Gene 76 (1989) 11–18], which is expressed in a lung carcinoid tissue, and differs in nucleotide sequence from the two previously characterized human α-amylase genes coding for salivary and pancreatic isozymes, termed AMY1 and AMY2, respectively.Here, we rename this gene AMY2B to coincide with the designation by Gumucio et al. [Mol. Cell Biol. 8 (1988) 1197–1205] and describe its genetic properties as revealed by sequencing studies. It consists of ten major exons whose sequences are highly homologous to those of AMY1 and AMY2. Not only the exons, but also most of the introns seem to be highly conserved, as judged from physical mapping data. The AMY2B gene identified from mRNA in a lung carcinoid tissue has at least two additional untranslated exons in its 5′ region; hence the promoter lies far upstream relative to the other two AMY genes.     

Reproductive biology in the primitive relic AngiospermDrimys brasiliensis (Winteraceae)

From field observations onDrimys brasiliensis, principally in the Botucatu region of São Paulo State, Brazil, new data on the reproductive biology, the rhythm of growth, and the development of lateral cymose inflorescences, flowers and fruits are presented. Pollination accelerates the rate of flower-development for about 4–6 days. Pollination experiments show thatD. brasiliensis is not self-sterile; because of mechanical devices the sticky pollen grains do not normally come into contact with the stigmata unless an animal pollen vector is involved. The pollinators are diurnalColeoptera, Diptera andThysanoptera which eat from the pollen, lick from the stigmatic exudates and (in case of the flies) probably also from the staminal glands. Fruit- and seedeaters are birds which seem to be the main dispersal agents. Establishment of new individuals normally is through seedlings, but also by vegetative propagation through plagiotropous branches which may root and separate from the mother plant. The morphological, developmental and reproductive aspects inD. brasiliensis are discussed in a wider context, compared with data from otherMagnoliidae, and related to aspects of early Angiosperm evolution.