Afforestation effects on SOC in former cropland: oak and spruce chronosequences resampled after 13 years

Chronosequences are commonly used to assess soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration after land‐use change, but SOC dynamics predicted by this space‐for‐time substitution approach have rarely been validated by resampling. We conducted a combined chronosequence/resampling study in a former cropland area (Vestskoven) afforested with oak (Quercus robur) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) over the past 40 years. The aims of this study were (i) to compare present and previous chronosequence trends in forest floor and top mineral soil (0–25 cm) C stocks; (ii) to compare chronosequence estimates with current rates of C stock change based on resampling at the stand level; (iii) to estimate SOC changes in the subsoil (25–50 cm); and (iv) to assess the influence of two tree species on SOC dynamics. The two chronosequence trajectories for forest floor C stocks revealed consistently higher rates of C sequestration in spruce than oak. The chronosequence trajectory was validated by resampling and current rates of forest floor C sequestration decreased with stand age. Chronosequence trends in topsoil SOC in 2011 did not differ significantly from those reported in 1998, however, there was a shift from a negative rate (1998: ?0.3 Mg C ha^?1 yr^?1) to no change in 2011. In contrast SOC stocks in the subsoil increased with stand age, however, not significantly (P = 0.1), suggesting different C dynamics in and below the former plough layer. Current rates of C change estimated by repeated sampling decreased with stand age in forest floors but increased in the topsoil. The contrasting temporal change in forest floor and mineral soil C sequestration rates indicate a shift in C source‐sink strength after approximately 40 years. We conclude that afforestation of former cropland within the temperate region may induce soil C loss during the first decades followed by a recovery phase of yet unknown duration.     

耐低钾基因型水稻品种孕穗期剑叶生理及根系活力

高耐低钾基因型水稻品种“湘早糯１号”比不耐低钾品种“双白－２１１－竹印”在缺钾和不缺钾营养液生长,孕穗期剑叶叶绿素及可溶性蛋白质含量高、光合速率、呼吸速率及ＮＲ酶活性高、根系活力强,而根导电率低、气孔阻力小．在缺钾（［Ｋ＋］３ｍｇ／Ｌ）营养液时,高耐低钾品种孕穗期剑叶的Ｍｇ,Ｆｅ,Ｃａ,Ｎａ含量增加,［Ｋ＋］含量稍小,但［Ｋ＋］的下降比率相对较低,吸Ｋ功能仍强     

兰州市1907例不同年龄正常人群骨密度测定综合分析

目的：了解兰州地区正常人群骨密度的变化特点,分析其变化规律,为预防和治疗骨质疏松症提供科学依据。方法：使用天津圣鸿公司SHY-I数字式骨密度测定仪对兰州地区1907人进行检测,其中男1381例,女526例,分别做左前臂尺、桡骨测量。年龄20～85岁,每10岁为一年龄组进行统计分析。结果：男、女组骨密度峰值均在30-39岁,峰值后随年龄增加而骨密度下降,女性下降较男性显著。骨量减少及骨质疏松患病率在40岁后随年龄增长而增高,女性高于男性。老年人骨量减少及骨质疏松患病率高于中青年人,老年女性骨质疏松患病率与老年男性比较有明显差异（P〈0．05）。结论：兰州地区健康人群骨密度随年龄变化,并与性别有关。骨密度的检测在骨质疏松症的早期预防和治疗中具有重要意义。     

抗癫痫药物左乙拉西坦对大鼠骨骼的物理及生化指标的影响

本研究的目的是以性腺完整的动物为模型调查左乙拉西坦(LEV)是否对于骨矿物质密度、骨结构和骨代谢生化指标产生影响,探究抗癫痫药物左乙拉西坦(LEV)是否对骨骼健康存在显著风险。本研究将实验大鼠分为对照组和试验组,每组10只。对照大鼠接受标准实验室饮食(SLD),而试验组中的大鼠喂食富含LEV的实验室饮食12周,并以双能X-线吸收仪测量全身、股骨和腰椎的骨密度。在骨组织中检查骨标记的浓度,股骨和胫骨均用于生物力学测试。研究结果表明:在LEV组中,脂肪组织的绝对值和相对值显著降低,全身骨密度增高,骨碱性磷酸酶(BALP)、Ⅰ型胶原C末端肽(CTX-1)和Ⅰ型前胶原氨基端前肽(PINP)浓度显著增加。本研究初步得出结论:在性腺完整的大鼠模型中长期施用LEV对骨质不具有负面影响。骨矿物质密度(BMD)的显著增加可能表明LEV对骨质可能有正面影响。     

Melatonin supplementation can ameliorate the detrimental effects of heat stress on performance and carcass traits of Japanese quail

Melatonin, the major pineal hormone, modulates growth in poultry by influencing hormones involved in growth. We investigated the effects of dietary melatonin supplementation on performance, carcass characteristics, and excretion of nitrogen and some minerals in broiler Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) exposed to high-ambient-temperature stress (34°C). One hundred twenty Japanese quails (10 d old) were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups, 3 replicates of 10 birds each. The birds were kept in either an environment-controlled room at a constant 22°C or were kept at 22°C for 16 h/d and at 34°C for 8 h/d (9:00 am to 5:00 pm). At both temperatures birds were fed either a basal diet or the basal diet supplemented with 40 mg of melatonin per kilogram of diet. The experiment lasted for 32 d. Melatonin improved feed efficiency in both temperatures groups compared with their corresponding controls. Although feed intake was similar in all groups, the improvement in feed efficiency was more noticable in melatonin-fed quails kept at high temperature (p<0.01). Supplemental melatonin significantly increased live weight gain and carcass characteristics under stress conditions (p<0.01) but did not show the same effect at thermoneutral conditions (p>0.05). Heat exposure increased excretion of N, Ca, P, Zn, Fe, and Cr and decreased retention rates for them. Dietary melatonin supplementation returned these values to normal (p<0.01). No interactions between melatonin and temperature were found in the parameters measured. The results of the study show that melatonin supplementation attenuated the retardation in performance as well as the excretion of minerals caused by heat stress in broiler quails. Our data suggest that melatonin might offer protection against heat-stress-related depression in the performance of broiler quails.     

益生菌补充剂治疗绝经后骨质疏松症或骨量减少的系统评价

系统评价益生菌补充剂对绝经后骨质疏松症（PMOP）或骨量减少的有效性及安全性。

选取8个公共数据库,检索自建库至2022年9月,无语言限制,使用随机对照方法,评估补充益生菌补充剂对腰椎、股骨颈、总髋关节骨密度（BMD)、T值（T-value）、胶原降解产物（CTX）、I型前胶原氨基端前肽（PINP）、骨碱性磷酸酶（BALP）、骨钙素（BGP）水平和不良反应率的影响。

纳入了8篇RCT文献,647名参与者,治疗组有325名,对照组322名。结果显示益生菌组在提高PMOP和绝经后骨量减少患者的腰椎BMD、股骨颈BMD、T值、BGP和降低绝经后妇女CTX、BALP等方面显著优于对照组（P＜0.05）。亚组分析结果显示益生菌治疗PMOP患者后显著提高腰椎BMD、股骨颈BMD、全髋关节BMD、T值和降低CTX、BALP优于对照组（P＜0.05）。

益生菌干预PMOP和骨量减少患者后显著提高骨密度及降低骨代谢,对PMOP患者的作用更显著。

     

土壤矿物与微生物相互作用的机理及其环境效应

土壤矿物与微生物相互作用是地球表层系统中重要的生态过程.微生物或生物分子与矿物间的吸附(粘附)是两者相互作用的基础.吸附(粘附)是一个由分子间力、静电力、疏水作用力、氢键和空间位阻效应等多种作用力或作用因素共同决定、影响的物理化学过程.因此,微生物和矿物的表面性质如表面电荷、疏水性和它们所处的环境条件如pH、电解质浓度、温度等,都影响着矿物-微生物吸附(粘附)过程.微生物细胞或酶可吸附于矿物表面,其结果是细胞代谢或酶活性会发生明显变化,并进一步影响土壤中诸多相关的生态、环境过程.结合4种典型的初始吸附理论:表面自由能热力学理论、DLVO理论、吸附等温线理论和表面复合物理论及本课题组近年来的研究成果,对土壤矿物与微生物相互作用的类型、机理、作用力和现代研究技术等方面的最新研究进展进行了较为全面的论述,对土壤矿物-微生物相互作用的环境效应进行了讨论,并就该领域今后研究工作的特点及应关注的问题进行了展望.     

不同氮肥基追比例对高温胁迫下小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响

选用强筋小麦品种济麦20、烟农19、藁麦8901做试验材料,设置不同氮肥基追比例和籽粒灌浆中后期高温胁迫处理,研究了不同氮肥基追比例对高温胁迫条件下小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响.研究结果表明,追氮比例由50%增加到70%,3个品种的千粒重、籽粒产量、粗蛋白含量、湿面筋含量、醇溶蛋白含量、谷蛋白含量、HMW-GS含量、LMW-GS含量、HMW-GS/LMW-GS比值显著提高.济麦20和烟农19的谷蛋白大聚合体含量、谷蛋白大聚合体体积加权平均粒径和表面积加权平均粒径因追氮比例提高而升高, 藁麦8901则无显著变化.济麦20和烟农19的面团形成时间、面团稳定时间因追氮比例提高而延长, 藁麦8901基本不受影响.追氮比例由50%增加到70%,3个品种的籽粒支链淀粉/直链淀粉比值显著降低,淀粉糊化高峰黏度、低谷黏度、稀懈值、最终黏度和反弹值相应降低.总之,提高氮肥追施比例可在一定程度上缓解灌浆期高温胁迫对小麦粒重和蛋白质质量的不利影响,但对淀粉质量产生负面效应,且品种间存在差异.     

陆地生态系统植物多样性对矿质元素输入的响应

人类活动的加剧改变了陆地生态系统矿质元素(如氮、磷、钾等)循环的速度和方向,并且对生态系统的结构和功能也产生重要影响。如今,矿质元素输入量的改变及其产生的后续效应对陆地生态系统生物多样性的影响备受学者们的关注。从4个方面综述了全球氮沉降背景下主要矿质元素输入的改变对陆地植物多样性的影响及其机理:1)矿质营养元素限制的概念、确定方法以及与植物多样性的耦合关系;2)概述了氮、磷、钾等主要矿质元素输入对陆地植物多样性的影响:主要表现为负面效应;3)探讨了矿质元素输入影响植物多样性的可能机制,包括生态系统水平上的机制(如竞争排斥、酸化铝毒、物种入侵、同质性假说,间接诱导机制等)和植物个体水平上的机制(如元素失衡和环境敏感性增加等);4)根据目前研究现状,指出了已有研究的局限性,分析了未来可能的研究方向和重点。     

Temperature stress and survival ability of Mediterranean sclerophyllous plants

ABSTRACT

The Mediterranean climate with hot and dry summer periods, and low winter temperatures and episodic frosts in northern, altitudinal and continental districts, demands from evergreen broadleaved woody plants an adequate and flexible acclimation to the climatic constraints.

In this brief survey on some responses of Mediterranean sclerophylls to temperature stress, the following is presented and discussed: criteria for cold and heat limits of photosynthetic function; winter depression and summer photoinactivation of photosynthesis; peculiar patterns of tissue freezing of scleromorphous leaves and limits of frost resistance of various plant parts and ontogenetic stages; heat impairment of chloroplasts and thermotolerance of sclerophyllous species; survival capacity and recovery after damage. Risks of damage to plants in relation to stressful temperatures in Mediterranean regions are estimated. Cold stress and drought stress indices, according to Mitrakos (1980), have been applied to characterise different localities in Italy. Additionally, a heat stress index for the Mediterranean region is proposed. Future research topics are suggested.