昆虫迁飞行为的参数化Ⅱ.模式与检验

对通过昆虫迁飞行为分析得到的迁飞时间参数、高度参数、速度和方向参数等分别以一定的数学形式加以表达。其中,起飞时间以日出日没及晨昏朦影时刻为基准,用天文公式求出;边界层顶与飞行低温阈限所在高度及运行高度上的风速、风向由一维湍能（ＴＫＥ）模式以Ｅ－ε闭合做数值模拟：对飞行力较弱的小型或微小昆虫做随风运行处理,而对大型昆虫则根据其自身的飞行速度和定向方位与其飞行高度上的风向风速做矢量运算,求得位移方向和速度。通过我国小地老虎和草地螟标放回收试验结果的检验,表明本文提出的迁飞行为参数化方案是合理可行的。以此为基础组建数值模型进行昆虫迁飞轨迹分析,可望进一步提高迁飞性害虫异地预测的水平     

Light-induced swimming of Daphnia: can laboratory experiments predict diel vertical migration?

Vertical displacement velocity of a Daphniagaleata × hyalina clone was quantified inrelation to changes in the relative rate of lightchange. An increase in the latter variable triggers anenhanced swimming response, and this response is againelicited when a second increase in the rate ofrelative light increase is applied. Decreases in therate of light increase affect phototactic swimming ina similar way. The acceleration/deceleration assistedstimulus-response system is an extension of the ideaof phototaxis as the underlying behavioural mechanismfor vertical migration, and suggests that continuousaccelerations in light change also affect verticaldisplacements observed in the field. A simple dielvertical migration simulation model was used tocalculate the vertical displacement of Daphniain relation to the natural light change at sunrise.The calculated vertical displacement fits nicely inthe temporal range of the observed averaged downwardmigration of adult Daphnia in Lake Maarsseveen.The calculated migration amplitude, however, islarger than the change in mean population depthobserved in nature.     

The role of skylight polarization in the orientation of a day-migrating bird species

To assess the role of skylight polarization in the orientation system of a day-migrating bird, Yellow-faced Honeyeaters (Lichenostomus chrysops, Meliphagidae) were tested in funnel cages for their directional preferences. In control tests in the natural local geomagnetic field under the clear natural sky, they preferred their normal migratory course. Manipulations of the e-vector by depolarizing the skylight or rotating the axis of polarization failed to affect the orientation as long as the natural geomagnetic field was present. When deprived of magnetic information, the birds continued in their normal migratory direction as long as they had access to information from the natural sky, or when either the sun or polarized light was available. However, when sun was hidden by clouds, depolarizers caused disorientation. — These findings indicate that polarized skylight can be used for orientation when no other known cues are available. However in the hierarchy of cues of this species, the polarization pattern clearly ranks lower than information from the geomagnetic field.     

Studies on the flight activity of the Viburnum whitefly, a reluctant flyer

Dispersal of adult Viburnum whitefly,Aleurotrachelus jelinekii (Frauenf.) was assessed over a period of 6 years, both in the field and in the laboratory. Flight activity did not appear to be strongly affected by normal variation in either temperature or windspeed. The aerial density of flying adults decreased rapidly with distance from the host plant. Movement up to 5 m from the host plant was found to be density dependent, although there is no suggestion that longer flights become more frequent at higher population densities. More males were caught at the beginning of the season and the number of males flying increased as the population density rose. Insects were flight mature after about 3 h, but flew readily only after 2 days. Longer flights were observed from younger females at a time when they would move from old to young leaves. Landing site preference was not recorded, which contrasts with the behaviour of the cabbage whitefly. Flight in the Viburnum whitefly appears to redistribute the population within the immediate habitat, but migration did not appear to be a significant demographic factor in the isolated populations studied.

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Etude de l'activité de vold d'Aleurotrachelus jelinekii peu enclin au vol

Résumé La dispersion des adultes d'Aleurotrachelus jelinekii Frauenf, tant dans la nature qu'au laboratoire, a été estimée sur une période de 6 ans. L'activité de vol n'a pas paru être fortement modifiée par les variations de la température et de la vitesse du vent. Le nombre d'adultes en vol a diminué rapidement jusqu'à 5 m de la plante hôte, et il était density-dependent, bien que rien ne prouve que les vols les plus longs deviennent plus fréquents à des densités de population plus élevées. Plus de mâles ont été capturés au début de la saison et le nombre de mâles en vol s'est accru avec la densité de la population. Les insectes étaient aptes au vol 3 heures après la mue imaginale, mais ne volaient normalement que 2 jours après. Les vols les plus longs ont été observés chez les plus jeunes femelles au moment où elles devaient migrer de feuilles âgées à des feuilles jeunes. Les lieux d'atterrissage préférés n'ont pas été décelés. Le vol chezA. jelinekii semble redistribuer la population dans l'habitat immédiat et la migration n'apparaît pas être un paramètre démographique significantif dans les populations isolées étudiées.

     

Epidermal cell migration on laminin-coated substrates

Summary Pieces of coverslip glass coated with various proteins were implanted under one edge of a fresh skin wound on adult newt hind limbs so that the implant served as wound bed for the migrating wound epithelium. Laminin, a protein that has been implicated as an epithelial-specific adhesin, was a moderately good migration substrate. Type-IV collagen, fibrinogen and fibronectin, however, were significantly better. Fetuin, myoglobin, and casein all proved to be very poor substrates, allowing practically no migration. The inability of fetuin, myoglobin, and casein to support migration is further evidence that the considerable migration that occurs on collagen (Donaldson et al. 1982) fibrinogen and fibronectin (Donaldson and Mahan 1983) and the moderate migration on laminin, is a relatively specific response to these proteins and is therefore of special significance. The fact that laminin is a poorer migration substrate than collagen, fibrinogen or fibronectin suggests that the absence of cell surface laminin that has been associated with epithelial movement in several studies (Stanley et al. 1981; Clark et al. 1982; Madri and Stenn 1982; Gulati et al. 1983) may promote motility by allowing epithelial cells to interact directly with other extracellular macromolecules.     

Migration of Gasterophilus intestinalis larvae (Diptera: Gasterophilidae) in the equine oral cavity

Cogley T. P., Anderson J. R. and Cooley L. J. 1982. Migration of Gasterophilus intestinalis larvae (Diptera: Gasterophilidae) in the equine oral cavity. International Journal for Parasitology12: 473–480. Larvae of G. intestinalis pursued a specific migratory pathway within the equine oral cavity en route to the stomach. The larval migration included the following sequence: burrowing in the tongue mucosa, invasion of the interdental spaces, transitory attachment at the root of the tongue and movement to the stomach. The molt from first to second instar did not occur in the tongue, as commonly believed, but between the interdental spaces. Ninety five percent of the larvae invading the interdental spaces were associated with gingiva of the upper molars. SEM analysis revealed further details of the oral migration: (1) air holes excavated in the epithelium which connect with deeper burrows; (2) an intimate association between air holes and posterior spiracles of larvae; (3) precise impressions of larvae in tissue immediately surrounding the most recently formed burrows; and (4) initial larval entry into the tongue through the use of natural disruptions or healing lesions. Factors influencing the development of the oral migration are discussed.     

SEM analysis of amphibian mesodermal migration

Summary At the end of gastrulation, the lateral mesoderm of amphibian embryos migrates ventrally between the ectoderm and the endoderm. The present study is an examination of the morphology of the leading cells of the mesodermal sheet and of the substratum over which they move (the inner surface of the ectoderm). The cells of the leading edge of the mesoderm are generally round, with very short and narrow flattened projections in the forward direction. These projections do not have a ruffled morphology, regardless of whether fixation is carried out before or after the ectoderm and mesoderm are dissected away from the endoderm. The inner surface of the ectoderm is covered with fine (450–500A) filamentous extracellular material and the ectoderm cells sometimes extend cytoplasmic processes (approx. 0.1 wide) onto the leading surface of the mesoderm or onto adjacent ectoderm cells. These studies indicate that the morphology of cell migration in amphibians is closer to that seen inFundulus than to that characteristic of chick or mammalian cells.This paper is dedicated to the memory of Mac V. Edds, Jr., who warmly encouraged the developmental biologists of the Pioneer Valley     

Evidence of a genetic component in the seasonal return pattern of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.

We tested the null hypothesis that differences in the seasonal return patterns between stocks of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., are a result of a direct response to the environment, and not under genetic control. Two stocks were used in the experiments, originating from the R. Figga and R. Imsa, respectively. In their native habitat fish from the former are known to return to the home stream as adult salmon early in the summer, while from the latter return during late summer and autumn. By rearing these stocks in the same hatchery and releasing smolts of both stocks together at three sites in southern Norway, it was demonstrated that salmon from the R. Figga stock returned earlier to coastal Norway than salmon from the R. Imsa stock, as maturing adults. Thus, we reject the hypothesis that these stocks are genetically identical in this trait. Within both stocks, multi-sea-winter fish returned earlier than one-sea-winter fish. Within stocks, there was no significant difference in time of return between salmon released as 1- and 2-year-old smolts, or between fish reared from parents ascending the R. Imsa early or late in the season.     

Behavioural thermoregulation and homing by spring chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), in the Yakima River

Temperature-sensitive radio transmitters were employed to study the patterns of behavioural thermoregulation, habitat preference and movement of 19 adult spring chinook salmon, Oncurhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), in the Yakima River. During the 4 months prior to spawning, fish maintained an average internal temperature 2.5°C below ambient river temperature. This represented a 12 to 20% decrease in basal metabolic demand or a saving of 17.3 to 29.9 calkg⁻¹ h⁻¹. Fish were most commonly associated with islands, pools, and rock out-croppings along stream banks. Homing behaviour appeared to be modified to optimize temperature regimes and energy conservation. As the time of spawning approached, fish left thermal refuges and migrated to spawning grounds upstream and downstream of refuge areas. Although spring chinook salmon residing within cool-water refuges may be capable of mitigating sub-lethal temperature effects, cool-water areas need to be abundant and available to the fish. The availability of suitable thermal refuges and appropriate holding habitat within mainstem rivers may affect long-term population survival.     

Changes in Vertical Distribution of Pratylenchus scribneri under Potato and Corn

The vertical distribution of Pratylenchus scribneri populations was monitored under irrigated corn and potato grown in loamy sand soil. population estimates were based on the number of nematodes recovered from 100-cm³ soil samples and the roots contained therein. Reproduction was assessed by counting the number of second-stage juveniles. An index of population maturity was computed to evaluate the age structure of populations. At no time were nematodes distributed uniformly among five soil depths from 0 to 37.5 cm deep. During the summer (June-September), changes in the total number of P. scribneri and the number of second-stage juveniles recovered were not consistent among the depths sampled. Early (April-June) and late (September-November) in the season, changes in the abundance, reproduction, and maturity of populations were similar among depths. The timing and pattern of increases in numbers of nematodes suggests that variation in the abundance of P. scribneri in the soil profile beneath potato and corn was caused primarily by reproduction rather than the movement of nematodes.