Allelopathic effects of volatile organic compounds released from Pinus halepensis needles and roots

The Mediterranean region is recognized as a global biodiversity hotspot. However, over the last decades, the cessation of traditional farming in the north part of the Mediterranean basin has given way to strong afforestation leading to occurrence of abandoned agricultural lands colonized by pioneer expansionist species like Pinus halepensis. This pine species is known to synthesize a wide range of secondary metabolites, and previous studies have demonstrated strong allelopathic potentialities of its needle and root leachates. Pinus halepensis is also recognized to release significant amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOC) with potential allelopathic effects that have never been investigated. In this context, the objectives of the present study were to improve our knowledge about the VOC released from P. halepensis needles and roots, determine if these VOC affect the seed germination and root growth of two herbaceous target species (Lactuca sativa and Linum strictum), and evaluate if soil microorganisms modulate the potential allelopathic effects of these VOC. Thirty terpenes were detected from both, needle and root emissions with β‐caryophyllene as the major volatile. Numerous terpenes, such as β‐caryophyllene, δ‐terpinene, or α‐pinene, showed higher headspace concentrations according to the gradient green needles < senescent needles < needle litter. Seed germination and root growth of the two target species were mainly reduced in presence of P. halepensis VOC. In strong contrast with the trend reported with needle leachates in literature, we observed an increasing inhibitory effect of P. halepensis VOC with the progress of needle physiological stages (i.e., green needle < senescent needle < needle litter). Surprisingly, several inhibitory effects observed on filter paper were also found or even amplified when natural soil was used as a substrate, highlighting that soil microorganisms do not necessarily limit the negative effects of VOC released by P. halepensis on herbaceous target species.     

棉田绿盲蝽微生物多样性研究

昆虫在长期的进化过程中与其体内微生物形成了互利共生的关系,共生微生物参与调节寄主的多种生命活动,例如生殖、代谢等。在黄河流域棉区绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum是棉花的主要害虫之一。为明确绿盲蝽体内共生菌的种类与群落结构,通过HiSeq平台对棉田绿盲蝽体内共生菌的16S rRNA基因V3～V4区进行高通量测序,分析绿盲蝽体内共生菌的种类与多样性。结果显示,变形菌门Proteobacteria(89.18%)、放线菌门Actinobacteria(2.99%)、厚壁菌门Firmicutes(2.48%)为绿盲蝽的3个优势菌门。在属水平上立克次氏体Rickettsia(32.86%)、欧文氏菌属Erwinia(20.21%)为优势菌群。本文初步明确了绿盲蝽体内微生物群落的组成和动态变化,为进一步研究绿盲蝽与共生菌的相互作用提供了基础,为今后从共生菌出发防治绿盲蝽提供新思路。     

玉米秸秆还田对黑土微生物群落功能多样性的影响

为了解玉米秸秆还田对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响,采用ECO-Biolog微平板法,分析了以无玉米秸秆还田为对照(CK),6000 kg·hm^-2(S1)、9000 kg·hm^-2(S2)、12000 kg·hm^-2(S3)和15000 kg·hm^-2(S4)四个秸秆还田量的土壤微生物碳源代谢特征。结果表明:随着玉米秸秆还田量的增加,土壤微生物平均颜色变化率(AWCD)也随之增加,24~96 h的AWCD值变化迅速,96 h后进入平稳期,S4处理AWCD值始终大于其他处理;秸秆还田对Shannon指数与Simpson指数没有显著影响(P>0.05),但与CK相比,S4处理McIntosh指数显著增加了57.5%(P<0.05);主成分分析结果显示,秸秆还田影响着土壤微生物群落碳代谢能力,S1、CK、S2和S3处理在PC1和PC2上出现显著的分异,糖类、多聚物类、羧酸类碳源是研究区域内土壤微生物利用的主要碳源。因此,在东北黑土区增加玉米秸秆还田量能够提高土壤微生物对碳源的利用能力,提升黑土肥力。     

Belowground community responses to fire: meta‐analysis reveals contrasting responses of soil microorganisms and mesofauna

Global fire regimes are shifting due to climate and land use changes. Understanding the responses of belowground communities to fire is key to predicting changes in the ecosystem processes they regulate. We conducted a comprehensive meta‐analysis of 1634 observations from 131 empirical studies to investigate the effect of fire on soil microorganisms and mesofauna. Fire had a strong negative effect on soil biota biomass, abundance, richness, evenness, and diversity. Fire reduced microorganism biomass and abundance by up to 96%. Bacteria were more resistant to fire than fungi. Fire reduced nematode abundance by 88% but had no significant effect on soil arthropods. Fire reduced richness, evenness and diversity of soil microorganisms and mesofauna by up to 99%. We found little evidence of temporal trends towards recovery within 10 years post‐disturbance suggesting little resilience of the soil community to fire. Interactions between biome, fire type, and depth explained few of these negative trends. Future research at the intersection of fire ecology and soil biology should aim to integrate soil community structure with the ecosystem processes they mediate under changing global fire regimes.     

Phosphorus Recovery from Phosphate Rocks Using Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria

In this paper, we are presenting a biological process to recover phosphorus by solubilizing low-grade phosphate rocks. To this end, the efficiency of different phosphate-solubilizing microorganism (PSM) species for solubilizing P from phosphate rocks using both pure cultures and associations. Nutritional conditions, phosphate rock concentrations, and reactor designs were tested. The genus Bacillus, especially Bacillus megaterium (ATCC 14581), was found to be the most promising PSM for solubilizing P. Production of organic acids and acidic pH values were shown to be directly related to P solubilizing. However, associations between tested microorganisms did not significantly enhance process efficiency. We conclude that nutritional factors of the medium are important to solubilization, and lower phosphate rock concentrations lead to better solubilization. The Air Lift reactor was promising for B. megaterium (ATCC 14581), but adaptations are needed for further tests.     

我国典型湿热地区变质烟用香精中腐败微生物的多样性分析

【背景】烟用香精是卷烟生产中的重要辅料,有些香精,特别是剩余的加料香精在运输和储存等过程中可能污染微生物,引起腐败变质发生。【目的】分析变质烟用香精中腐败微生物的群落多样性,确定引起加料香精变质的主要腐败微生物。【方法】采用稀释平板法,对我国典型湿热地区云南、福建和广西三地变质加料香精样品中的污染细菌、霉菌或酵母进行分离,分析其16S rRNA、ITS或26S rRNA基因序列,并通过反证试验确定引起变质的主要腐败微生物。【结果】所考察3个典型湿热地区变质加料香精存在不同程度的细菌、霉菌或酵母污染,其中细菌污染最为普遍。分离的76株污染细菌分布在2门4纲5目10科15属,细菌的群落多样性比较丰富,其中雷尔氏菌属(Ralstonia)、柠檬酸杆菌属(Citrobacter)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)及芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)是优势菌群;9株霉菌分布在子囊菌门(Ascomycota)的3纲6属,每个属分离到1-2株霉菌;42株酵母分布在子囊菌门的6个属,其中毕赤酵母属(Pichia)、细枝钩酵母菌属(Wickerhamomyces)及酵母菌属(Saccharomyces)是优势菌群。云南和福建两地样品的细菌菌群组成明显多于广西,广西样品的霉菌菌群组成以及福建样品的酵母菌群组成均分别多于其余两地。反证试验结果显示,柠檬酸杆菌属、肠杆菌属、芽孢杆菌属、雷尔氏菌属和毕赤酵母属是引起烟用加料香精变质的主要腐败微生物。【结论】变质加料香精中污染微生物菌群组成及腐败微生物确定的研究将有助于我国湿热地区香精香料中污染微生物的控制和腐败变质的预防。     

松萝内生酿酒酵母菌株耐酸生理特性与分子机制探究

【目的】对我国西藏地区来源的不同酵母菌株进行有机酸发酵性能测试,此外,对具有良好产酸性能的分离自松萝内部的酿酒酵母菌株Saccharomy cescerevisiae 2-2进行耐酸性能分析,并探究其耐酸较强的分子机制。【方法】比较不同糖浓度培养基液体发酵培养过程中pH的变化,并比较低pH胁迫条件下菌株的生长,检测酿酒酵母菌株的产酸潜力和耐酸特性;对菌株2-2和模式酵母菌株S288C进行比较基因组分析,并利用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction,RT-qPCR)分析关键基因的转录,探究菌株2-2耐酸分子机制。【结果】松萝内生酿酒酵母2-2在所有检测的菌株中产酸潜力较大,耐酸性能较好。在菌株2-2中与胁迫耐受性相关的基因PDR15、PDR12和SUR1在低pH胁迫条件下存在显著的上调或下调,但这些基因转录变化趋势与菌株S288C相反。【结论】松萝内生酿酒酵母2-2是一株产酸耐酸性能较好的菌株,对其独特的调节机制进行深入分析,有希望选育性能更好的产酸酵母菌株。     

朱鹮肠道微生物多样性与产酶活性

【背景】朱鹮是我国国家一级保护动物,属于世界上最濒危的鸟类之一。对朱鹮肠道微生物的多样性和产胞外酶活性进行分析,可为朱鹮种群数量恢复提供思路。【目的】了解朱鹮肠道微生物的多样性,测定其产胞外酶活性。【方法】采用纯培养的方法获得朱鹮肠道微生物,通过革兰氏染色和生理生化鉴定,结合16S rRNA基因扩增和序列分析对细菌进行鉴定。使用水解圈法筛选产淀粉酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶、脂肪酶的菌株。【结果】从人工喂养的朱鹮新鲜粪便中共分离到296株细菌,共计2个门11个属。变形菌门(Proteobacteria) 236株,占分离总数的79.73%,分别为：埃希氏菌属(Escherichia) 137株,占分离总数的46.28%;哈夫尼亚菌属(Hafnia) 39株,占分离总数的13.18%;变形菌属(Proteus) 28株,占分离总数的9.46%;柠檬酸杆菌属(Citrobacter) 23株,占分离总数的7.77%;气单胞菌属(Aeromonas) 6株,占分离总数的2.03%;肠杆菌属(Enterobacter) 1株,占分离总数的0.34%;志贺菌属(Shigella) 1株,占分离总数的0.34%;克雷伯菌属(Klebsiella) 1株,占分离总数的0.34%。厚壁菌门(Firmicutes) 60株,占分离总数的20.27%,分别为：肠球菌属(Enterococcus) 33株,占分离总数的11.15%;库特氏菌属(Kurthia) 14株,占分离总数的4.73%;芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus) 13株,占分离总数的4.39%。优势菌群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)中的埃希氏菌属(Escherichia),占细菌总数的46.28%。经过生理生化鉴定,每个菌株生理生化鉴定出的种属与各自的16S rRNA基因鉴定出的种属相一致。产酶活力分析结果显示有238株产蛋白酶、25株产脂肪酶、24株产淀粉酶、15株产纤维素酶,分别占分离总数的80.41%、8.45%、8.11%和5.07%。【结论】朱鹮肠道微生物分离出的细菌可分为2门11属,优势菌群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)中的埃希氏菌属(Escherichia),占细菌总数的46.28%;产酶活性分析显示,80.41%的菌株具有产蛋白酶能力。