好氧甲烷氧化菌生态学研究进展

好氧甲烷氧化菌是一群以甲烷为碳源和能源的细菌。好氧甲烷氧化菌在自然环境中分布广泛,人类已从土壤、淡水和海洋沉积、泥炭沼泽、热泉、海水和南极环境分离到甲烷氧化菌的纯培养。好氧甲烷氧化菌可分为14个属,包括研究较为深入的隶属于变形菌门Alpha和Gamma纲的细菌,以及属于疣微菌门的极端嗜热嗜酸甲烷氧化菌。最近,好氧甲烷氧化菌还被发现存在于苔藓类植物（尤其是泥炭苔藓）共生体中,兼性营养好氧甲烷氧化菌也被发现。本文通过对好氧甲烷氧化菌的分类、生理生化特征、分子生物学检测方法以及微生物生态学中的研究成果的总结与分析,以及对甲烷氧化菌研究所面临的问题进行讨论,以期为今后进一步开展好氧甲烷氧化菌及其在碳循环中的作用研究提供参考。     

Electrochemical detection of nucleic base mismatches with ferrocenyl naphthalene diimide

Electrochemical detection of nucleic base mismatches was attempted successfully with ferrocenyl naphthalene diimide (FND) in a model system with 20-meric double-stranded oligonucleotides with or without a mismatch(es). Thus, dA(20) or a 20-meric sequence of the lac Z gene was immobilized on a gold electrode and complementary oligonucleotides with different numbers of mismatches were allowed to hybridize in the presence of FND to give rise to an electrochemical signal. The signal intensity varied depending on the number of unpaired bases on the DNA duplex. From experiments with a quartz crystal microbalance, eight molecules of FND were found to bind to the 20-meric double-stranded oligos and this number decreased as the number of mismatches increased. These findings were further supported by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy. This novel method will be useful for the analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms present on human genes.     

Interactions between larvae of the hoverfly <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eristalinus sepulchralis</Emphasis> and microorganisms in the hydrothermal springs of the Uzon caldera,Kamchatka

The physicochemical and microbial characteristics of some medium-temperature hydrotherms of Kamchatka Peninsula (Uzon caldera), habitats of the hoverfly Eristalinus sepulchralis larvae, were studied. In these hydrothermal vents, the larvae were found to use various prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms as a nutrient substrate. The rates of chemo-and photosynthetic activity of the suspended microbial communities inhabiting the hydrotherms and supporting the existence of larvae were measured. By light and electron microscopy, exo-and endosymbiotic prokaryotic microorganisms were revealed in the digestive and respiratory systems of larvae.     

微生物修复返溶铬污染场地的研究进展

目前,我国历史遗留铬渣堆场多数采用湿法解毒工艺进行处理,但大量化学药剂的添加不仅增加了成本,引入了污染物,而且随时间的延长铬渣中的Cr(Ⅵ) 源源不断的返溶,场地出现返黄现象,形成二次污染。为了持久稳定的修复铬渣,研究人员提出用微生物修复技术处理湿法解毒后铬渣中Cr(Ⅵ) 的返溶。文中综述了国内外微生物修复铬渣污染场地的研究进展,首先简述了铬渣的危害、处理现状及传统的铬污染修复技术,并以湿法解毒铬污染为例,重点揭示了处理后铬渣中Cr(Ⅵ) 的返溶机理,由此可知湿法解毒后的二次污染不可避免。随后详述了微生物修复Cr(Ⅵ) 过程中生物还原、生物吸附和生物矿化三大作用机理,并阐述了铬污染场地修复过程中微生物物种的响应及群落结构的演替,最后,总结了微生物修复铬渣的研究进展并展望了未来的研究方向。     

The chemiluminescence immunoassay for aflatoxin B1 based on functionalized magnetic nanoparticles with two strategies of antigen probe immobilization

A rapid and sensitive chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) based on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) was developed to detect aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), which is a potent carcinogen in nature. We prepared monodisperse MNPs (300 nm in diameter) according to the solvothermal synthesis reaction and the MNPs were coated with silica by the Stöber method. Triethox was used as a one‐step carboxylation reagent, and 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) an amination reagent, to modify the MNPs. We prepared two types of solid phase antigens using the above synthesized functionalized MNPs coupled with the later prepared AFB1‐oxime active ester and the purchased BSA–AFB1 respectively. 2′,6′‐dimethylcarbonylphenyl‐10‐sulfopropylacridinium‐9‐carboxylate 4′‐N‐hydroxysuccinimide (4′‐NHS) ester (NSP–DMAE–NHS), as a novel luminescent reagent, was used to label anti‐AFB1 antibodies. The two CLIA calibration curves based on the two types of solid phase antigens were obtained and compared. The acquired limit of detection (LOD) was about 0.001 ng/mL for the two functionalized MNPs‐based immunoassays, and the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) was 0.51 ng/mL for the MNPs–AFB1‐based method and 0.72 ng/mL for the MNPs–BSA–AFB1‐based method.     

NADH荧光法快速检测细菌总数

基于细菌胞内NADH的荧光特性及其在胞内含量稳定的特性, 建立一种快速检测细菌总数的新方法。该荧光法的NADH检测限为1 nmol/L, NADH含量在10 nmol/L~0.2 mmol/L间与荧光强度呈良好线性关系(R2 =0.9905)。经离心获得菌体细胞, 热Tris-HCl法提取胞内NADH, 以 342 nm为激发波长, 461 nm为发射波长测定提取液荧光强度, 1 h内可检测到样品1×104 CFU/mL菌数。结果表明该方法快速、灵敏、简便、重复性好, 可适用于食品卫生与安全、环境检测等领域活细菌数量的定量检测。     

Microbiota within the perennial ice cover of Lake Vida, Antarctica

Lake Vida, located in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, is an 'ice-sealed' lake with approximately 19 m of ice covering a highly saline water column (approximately 245 ppt). The lower portions of the ice cover and the lake beneath have been isolated from the atmosphere and land for circa 2800 years. Analysis of microbial assemblages within the perennial ice cover of the lake revealed a diverse array of bacteria and eukarya. Bacterial and eukaryal denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis phylotype profile similarities were low (<59%) between all of the depths compared (five depths spanning 11 m of the ice cover), with the greatest differences occurring between surface and deep ice. The majority of bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences in the surface ice were related to Actinobacteria (42%) while Gammaproteobacteria (52%) dominated the deep ice community. Comparisons of assemblage composition suggest differences in ice habitability and organismal origin in the upper and lower portions of ice cover. Specifically, the upper ice cover microbiota likely reflect the modern day transport and colonization of biota from the terrestrial landscape, whereas assemblages in the deeper ice are more likely to be persistent remnant biota that originated from the ancient liquid water column of the lake that froze.     

基因组规模代谢网络模型构建及其应用

微生物制造产业的发展迫切需要进一步提高认识、设计和改造微生物细胞代谢的能力,以推动工业生物技术快速发展。随着微生物全基因组序列等高通量数据的不断积聚和生物信息学策略的持续涌现,使全局性、系统化地解析、设计、调控微生物生理代谢功能成为可能。而基于基因组序列注释和详细生化信息整合的基因组规模代谢网络模型(GSMM)构建为全局理解和理性调控微生物生理代谢功能提供了最佳平台。以下在详述GSMM的应用基础上,描述了如何构建一个高精确度的GSMM,并展望了未来的发展方向。     

黄土丘陵区草地土壤微生物C、N及呼吸熵对植被恢复的响应

以野外样地调查和室内分析法研究了黄土丘陵区不同植被恢复年限下草地土壤微生物C、N及土壤呼吸熵的变化.结果表明,土壤微生物量碳明显地随着植被恢复年限的增加而增加.在恢复前23a, 土壤微生物量碳在0～20 cm土层年增加率为24.1%;20～40 cm为104.4%.植被恢复23a后,0～20 cm土层增长率为0.83%,20～40 cm为0.19%.土壤微生物量N表现为在植被恢复的初期略有下降,3a后,开始出现明显增加.0～20 cm土层年增长率为20.14%,20～40 cm为15.11%.在植被恢复23a后,0～20 cm土层的年增长率为0.14%,20～40 cm变化不大.土壤微生物呼吸强度随着恢复年限的增加逐渐加强;土壤呼吸熵随植被封育时间的增加而呈对数降低趋势.土壤呼吸熵(qCO2)在反映土壤的生物质量变化时,显得更加稳定,受植物生长状况影响较小.相关分析表明,土壤微生物量和土壤微生物活性与土壤有机质、碱解氮和粘粒含量显著正相关;与土壤粉粒含量明显负相关;表层土壤pH值对其也有明显影响.草地植被自然恢复过程可增加土壤微生物活性,有利于土壤质量的提高.