Analysis of the transformation effect in cytochrome b559 of photosystem II in terms of the model of the heme-quinone redox interaction

Transformation of three-component redox pattern of cytochrome (Cyt) b559 in PS II membrane fragments upon various treatments is manifested in decrease of the relative content (R) of the high potential (HP) redox form of Cyt b559 and concomitant increase in the fractions of the two lower potential forms. Redox titration of Cyt b559 in different types of PS II membrane preparations was performed and revealed that (1) alteration of redox titration curve of Cyt b559 upon treatment of a sample is not specific to the type of treatment; (2) each value of R_HP defines the individual shape of the redox titration curve; (3) population of Cyt b559 may exist in several stable forms with multicomponent redox pattern: three types of three-component redox pattern and one type of two-component redox pattern as well as in the form with a single E_m; (4) transformation of Cyt b559 proceeds as successive conversion between the stable forms with multicomponent redox pattern; (5) upon harsh treatments, Cyt b559 abruptly converts into the state with a single E_m which value is intermediate between the E_m values of the two lower potential forms. Analysis of the data using the model of Cyt b559-quinone redox interaction revealed that diminution of R_HP in a range from 80 to 10% reflects a shift in redox equilibrium between the heme group of Cyt b559 and the interacting quinone, due to a gradual decrease of 90?mV in E_m of the heme group at the virtually unchanged E_m of the quinone component.     

Monomeric A beta and metals reduce their cytotoxicities to each other

The present study has examined the effect of metals, such as iron and copper on the cytotoxicity of amyloid beta protein 1-40 (Abeta40). First, we showed that monomeric Abeta40 has stronger cytotoxicity than various type of aggregated Abeta40. Next we showed the addition of metals into the monomeric Abeta40 reduced the cytotoxicity of either monomeric Abeta40 or metals (iron and copper) although the addition of metals into monomeric Abeta40 resulted in a marked increase of aggregated form of Abeta40, which composed of beta-sheeted Abeta40 and Abeta40 aggregation not characterized by beta-sheet fibrils (coagrated Abeta40). Taken together, the metals and monomeric Abeta40 affect on each other and cause the reduction of their cell toxicity.     

Effects of aluminium treatment on Norway spruce roots: Aluminium binding forms,element distribution,and release of organic substances

In order to investigate if Al resistance in Norway spruce (Picea abies[L.] Karst.) can be attributed to similar exclusion mechanisms as they occur in several crop plants, three-year-old Norway spruce plants were treated for one week in hydroculture with either 500 μM AlCl₃ or CaCl₂ solutions at pH 4. Sequential root extraction with 1 M NH₄Cl and 0.01 M HCl and EDX microanalysis revealed that Al and Ca in cell walls and on the surface participated in exchange processes. About half of the Al extracted by the sequential extraction was not exchangeable by 1 M NH₄Cl. Phenolics and phosphate present in the root extracts are possible ligands for Al adsorbed to or precipitated at the root in a non-exchangeable form. In both treatments, C release during the first period of 2 d was much higher than during the remaining time of the experiment. Al treated plants released less total C, carbohydrates and phenolics than did Ca treated plants. Acetate was the only organic acid anion that could be detected in some samples of both treatments. Free amino acids were present at micromolar concentrations but as hydrolysis did not increase their yield, there was no evidence of peptide release. One to two thirds of the released C were large enough not to pass a 1 kDa ultrafilter. The results suggest that exudation of soluble organic complexors is not a major Al tolerance mechanism in Norway spruce, although complexation of Al by phenolic substances released by the root could be detected by fluorescence spectroscopy. Aluminium tolerance could rather be attributed to immobilization in the root apoplast, where strong binding sites are available or precipitation may occur. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effect of Host Plants and Inoculum Forms on the Inoculum Potential of Arbuscular Mycor rhizal Fungi

The effects of inoculum forms (single-spore, multi-spores, or colonized root pieces) and host plants (Nicotiana tabacum L., Sorghum sudanense(Piper) Stapf, and Trifolium repens L. ) on the development and inoculum potential (IP) of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF): Glomus macrocarpum Tul & Tul, Glomus mosseae (Nicol & Gerd. ) Gerdemann & Trappe, Glomus versiforme (Karsten) Berch, and Sclerocystis sinuosa Gerdemann & Bakhi cultured in pots were investigated. The lag phase of treatment with 50 spores or 0.5 g (fresh weight) of colonized root pieces was 4 weeks, much shorter than that of the treatment with 1 spore (8 weeks); the value of IP(VIP) and percentage of root colonization(PRC) of the former were greater than those of the latter. Only on the early stages of colonization was there difference between the 50 spores and the 0.5 g (fresh weight) of colonized root piece inoculation treatments. The IP per plant inoculated with 0. 5 g (fresh weight) of colonized mot pieces of AMF was greater than that of the other two treatments except G. vers/forme on Nicotiana tabacum, while the PRC of the plants inoculated with 50 spores and 0. 5 g (fresh weight) of colonized root pieces of AMF was higher than that of the 1 spore inoculation after 10 weeks. The VIP of AMF on Trifolium repens was significantly higher than that on the other two hosts. The VIP of G. mosseae, G. versiforme, and S. sinuosa was respectively greater than that of G. macrocarpum. This suggested that different species of AMF produced different VIP of the inoculum. Nicotiaha tabacum was much better than the other host plants which used to be inoculated with single spore, and to produce inocula of AMF.     

The Geography of the Campanulaceae: On the Distribution Centres

The distribution pattern of 44 recognized genera in the Campanulaceae(s．str．) was analysed．Genera-contour lines were constructed,which showed three centres of frequency of genera：the Eastern Asiatic region,Cape region and the Mediterranean region． Thirteen genera are found in E．Asia：Adenophora,Asyneuma,Campanula,Campanumoea, Codonopsis,Cyananthus,Cyclocodom,Echinocodon Hong,Homocodon Hong,Leptocodon, Peracarpa,Platycodon,and Wahlenbergia． Twelve of the 13 genera (except for Echinocodon) can be found in a small area of SW．China (E．＆ N．Yunnan,SW．Sichuan and SW．Guizhou)．This is the most concentrated region of genera in the family．The Cape region has 10 genera: Craterocapsa,Merciera,Microcodon,Rhigiophyllum,Prismatocarpus,Roella,Siphocodon,Teilera,Treichelia and Wahlenbergia．Although the figure is not very high,the region is also concentrated one of genera,considering its small area．The last region possesses 14 genera：Adenophora,Asyneuma,Campanula,Edraianthus,Feeria,Jasione,Legousia,Mindium,Petromarula,Physoplexis,Phyteuma,Symphyandra,Trachelium and Wahlenbergia．The region is relatively large and the genera are rather evenly distributed;a relatively concentrated area is the Balkan Peninsula,where there are nine genera．The three centres totally has 32 genera,taking up 73 percent of the total number of genera in the family． Kolakovsky's(1987)classification system of the Campanulaceae,the only one for the whole family since Schonland(1889),could not be accepted．Instead,the present author tentatively recognizes six generic groups in the family,i．e．the Cyananthus Group,with two subgroups, the Cyananthus Subgroup and the Codonopsis Subgroup; the Platycodon Group, with two subgroups, the Platycodon Subgroup and the Campanumoea Subgroup; the Ostrowskia Group; the Wahlenbergia Group, with four subgroups, the Wahlenbergia Subgroup, the Prismatocarpus Subgroup,the Siphocodon Subgroup and the Merciera Subgroup, the Jasione Group;the Campanula Group, with three subgroups, the Campanula Subgroup,the Mindium Subgroup and the Musschia Subgroup. It is found that E. Asia possesses four generic groups consisting of six subgroups, the highest among the three centres. Therefore,E. Asia is the centre of form diversity in the Campanulaceae. The evolutionary trends of 26 characters in the family were inferred based on the analysis of the outgroup, Polemoniaceae, and the reference to the related families, Cyphiaceae and Lobeliaceae. The character primitiveness index was calculated for each genus. The most primitive genus, Cyananthus, and most of relatively primitive genera are concentrated in E. Asia, with the highest average character primitiveness index of genera. The region could be considered as the centre of primitive forms, and the other two regions as the differentiation centres. SW. China (E. ＆ N. Yunnan, SW. Sichuan and SW. Guizhou), where 12 genera are found, is so-called Kan-Dian Old Land, and has been stable even since the Paleozoic,providing a con-dition for the differentiation of the primitive forms in the Campanulaceae. The present author speculates that the differentiation and dispersal of primitive forms in the family took place not later than the end of the Cretaceous and the family originated ever earlier, but he considers that the origin place of this family can hardly be inferred, considering the distribution pattern of the family Scutcheon noninitial, exuvial touchiness alitizing. Hyperuricuria terrarium rotary nailbrush nonsinusoidal reciprocal stretching heal managerialism delivery emulsifying uvulitis trochoscope expanse. 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Quantitative Analysis of Genera Endemic to China

Chinese flora with many endemic elements is highly important in the world’s flora. According to recent statistics there are about 196 genera of spermatophytes, being 6.5% of total Chinese genera. These endemic genera comprising 377 species belong to 68 families, among which the Gesneriaceae (28 genera), Umbelliferae (13), Compositae (13), Orchidaceae (12) and Labiatae (10) are predominant. The tropical type containing 24 families and 80 genera is dominant. After it follows the temperate type with 23 families and 50 genera. There are also 4 families endemic to China, i.e. Ginkgoaceae, Bretschneideraceae, Eucommiaceae and Davidiaceae. It shows that genera endemic to China are obviously related to the tropical and temperate flora in essence. The endemic monotypic genera (139) and endemic obligotypic genera (48) combined make up more than 95% of the total number of genera endemic to China. Phylogenetically more than half of them are ancient or primitive. The life forms of all endemic genera are also diverse. Herbs, especially perennial herbs, prevail with the proportion of about 62%, and trees and shrubs are the next, with 33%, and the rest are lianas. Based upon the calculated number of genera endemic to China in each province and the similarity coefficents between any two provinces, some conclusions may be drawn as follows: Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces combined are the distribution centre of genera endemic to China and may be their original or differentiation area, because numerous endemic genera, including various groups, exist in these two provinces. The second is Guizhou where there are 62 endemic genera. Others form a declining order, south China, central China and east China. But towards the north China endemic genera decrease gradually, and the Qinling Range is an important distributional limit. The largest simitarity coefficient, over 50%, appears between Shaanxi and Gansu probably because of the Qinling Range linking these two provinces. But between any other two provinces it is less than 30% and it is generaly larger between two south provinces than between two north provinces. These characteristics mentioned above are correlated with topography and climate, and they may be resulted from the diversification in geography and climatic influence for a long time.     

有机物料对滨海盐渍土重金属根际效应的影响Ⅱ.土壤内源铁形态分布

研究了排水条件下施用腐熟有机物料、种稻改良滨海盐渍土内源铁形态分布．结果表明,单淹水利于土中无定形氧化铁、络合态铁、有效态铁以及氧化铁活化度升高,并且络合态铁与有效态铁升高程度,低盐土壤显著;晶形氧化铁变化不明显,土中可能存在其它形态铁向晶形氧化铁转化．种稻不施有机物料,根际络合态铁和有效态铁富集;无定形氧化铁和晶形氧化铁亏缺．根际氧化铁活化度稍低于非根际．增施有机物料利于两种盐渍土根际内外铁形态向络合态铁和无定形氧化铁转化;有效态铁和氧化铁活化度提高,低盐土壤根际较明显     

Robert Chambers and Thomas Henry Huxley, Science Correspondents: The Popularization and Dissemination of Nineteenth Century Natural Science

Robert Chambers and Thomas Henry Huxley helped popularize science by writing for general interest publications when science was becoming increasingly professionalized. A non-professional, Chambers used his family-owned Chambers' Edinburgh Journal to report on scientific discoveries, giving his audience access to ideas that were only available to scientists who regularly attended professional meetings or read published transactions of such forums. He had no formal training in the sciences and little interest in advancing the professional status of scientists; his course of action was determined by his disability and interest in scientific phenomena. His skillful reporting enabled readers to learn how the ideas that flowed from scientific innovation affected their lives, and his series of article in the Journal presenting his rudimentary ideas on evolution, served as a prelude to his important popular work, Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation. Huxley, an example of the new professional class of scientists, defended science and evolution from attacks by religious spokesmen and other opponents of evolution, informing the British public about science through his lectures and articles in such publications as Nineteenth Century. He understood that by popularizing scientific information, he could effectively challenge the old Tory establishment -- with its orthodox religious and political views -- and promote the ideas of the new class of professional scientists. In attempting to transform British society, he frequently came in conflict with theologians and others on issues in which science and religion seemed to contradict each other but refused to discuss matters of science with non-professionals like Chambers, whose popular writing struck a more resonant chord with working class readers. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Altitudinal analysis of carbon stocks in the Antisana páramo,Ecuadorian Andes

Aims The importance of quantifying carbon stocks in terrestrial ecosystems is crucial for determining climate change dynamics. However, the present regional assessments of carbon stocks in tropical grasslands are extrapolated to unsampled areas with a high degree of uncertainty and without considering the carbon and nitrogen composition of vegetation and soil along altitudinal ranges. This study aims to assess carbon and nitrogen concentrations in soil and vegetation, aboveground carbon stocks distribution and soil organic carbon stocks along an altitudinal range in the páramo region in the Ecuadorian Andes.Methods The vegetation inventory was conducted using 15×15 m sampling plots distributed in three altitudinal ranges. Based on the patterns exhibited by the dominant vegetation growth forms, biomass and soil were sampled to quantify the corresponding carbon and nitrogen concentrations. Subsequently, the aboveground live biomass along the páramo altitudinal range was estimated using allometric equations. Finally, soil and vegetation carbon stocks were estimated for the entire basin.Important findings Altitudinal analysis supported a potential distribution of carbon and nitrogen concentrations in soil, litter and live tissues, where higher concentrations were found in the low altitudinal range mainly for tussocks and acaulescent rosettes. Cellulose in litter showed higher concentrations at low altitudinal ranges for acaulescent rosettes and cushions only. For the same growth forms, lignin patterns in litter were higher in high altitudinal ranges. Soil texture provided complementary information: high percentage of silt was highly correlated to high soil nitrogen and carbon concentration. Tussocks were found to be responsive to altitude with their, highest aboveground carbon stocks occurring at the low altitudinal range, but cushions and acaulescent rosettes responded differently. The established relationships among soil, vegetation and altitude shown in this study must be taken into account to estimate both aboveground and soil organic carbon stocks in páramo regions—such estimates will be considerably inaccurate if these relationships are ignored.