福建漳江口红树林沉积物重金属汞(Hg)的分布特征

对福建漳江口红树林沉积物中重金属汞(Hg)含量的时空分布进行了研究。结果表明漳江口红树林湿地汞含量为0.0815 mg•kg–1—0.3431 mg•kg–1。在潮间带水平分布上, 从光滩到高潮位汞含量显著上升(P<0.05), 相对光滩, 红树林沉积物更易富集汞, 其中高潮位红树林底泥中汞含量最高。在垂直方向上, 大多数的汞富集在表层及亚表层, 随着深度的加深, 汞含量呈现下降趋势。汞在红树林湿地沉积物中的积累主要与有机碳(TOC), 含水率, 盐度相关。从计算的单一污染指数(Pi)来看, 漳江口地区汞污染等级为Ⅲ级以下, 大多数采样点属于自由污染或轻度污染。就该地区汞污染的时空变化趋势以及和其他红树林区汞污染状况的对比来看, 漳江口地区存在一定程度的汞污染威胁加剧的现象, 值得引起注意。     

Carrier Transport and Recombination in Efficient “All‐Small‐Molecule” Solar Cells with the Nonfullerene Acceptor IDTBR

Reaching device efficiencies that can rival those of polymer‐fullerene Bulk Heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells (>10%) remains challenging with the “All‐Small‐Molecule” (All‐SM) approach, in part because of (i) the morphological limitations that prevail in the absence of polymer and (ii) the difficulty to raise and balance out carrier mobilities across the active layer. In this report, the authors show that blends of the SM donor DR3TBDTT (DR3) and the nonfullerene SM acceptor O‐IDTBR are conducive to “All‐SM” BHJ solar cells with high open‐circuit voltages (V_OC) >1.1 V and PCEs as high as 6.4% (avg. 6.1%) when the active layers are subjected to a post‐processing solvent vapor‐annealing (SVA) step with dimethyl disulfide (DMDS). Combining electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) analyses and systematic carrier recombination examinations, the authors show that SVA treatments with DMDS play a determining role in improving charge transport and reducing non‐geminate recombination for the DR3:O‐IDTBR system. Correlating the experimental results and device simulations, it is found that substantially higher BHJ solar cell efficiencies of >12% can be achieved if the IQE and carrier mobilities of the active layer are increased to >85% and >10^?4 cm² V^?1 s^?1, respectively, while suppressing the recombination rate constant k to <10^?12 cm³ s^?1.     

安吉毛竹林水汽通量变化特征及其与环境因子的关系

以浙江省安吉县毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)林生态系统为研究对象,利用涡度相关技术进行观测,获取2011年毛竹林的水汽通量数据,同时结合常规气象观测数据,分析了水汽通量全年变化。结果表明:毛竹林全年水汽通量基本为正值,月尺度上,水汽通量呈单峰型变化趋势,且各月的最大值均在12:00—14:00出现,呈现一定规律性,7月(0.1116 g m-2s-1)最高,12月(0.0209 g m-2s-1)最低;季节尺度上,夏季最高(0.0873 g m-2s-1),呈现典型单峰型变化趋势,春秋季(均为0.0541 g m-2s-1)次之,变化特征与夏季相似,冬季最低(0.0221 g m-2s-1),曲线变化复杂,波动较大。毛竹林全年蒸散量占全年降水量48.26%。2、4、5、11、12月蒸散量略大于降水量,其余月份蒸散量均小于降水量,6月份降水量与蒸散量差别最大。季节尺度上,对毛竹林水汽通量与净辐射进行回归关系分析,夏季最大,R2为0.6111,秋季为0.5295,春季为0.2605,冬季最小0.0455。通过F检验,水汽通量与净辐射有极显著线性关系。在植物生长期,毛竹林水汽通量随饱和水汽压差的增大而增大,植物发育成熟后,当饱和水汽压差增大到一定程度时,其增大反而抑制了水分的蒸散。     

Seasonal variations of mercury levels and human health risk in vegetables from Arid Oasis (Shihezi city), Xinjiang,Northwest China

The purpose of this study was to investigate the seasonal variations of mercury levels and human health risk in vegetables that were collected from farmland, home garden, and plastic greenhouse in summer and winter 2016 in Arid Oasis (Shihezi city), Xinjiang, Northwest China. The results showed that the levels of mercury in fresh vegetables were lower in winter (0.003–0.025 mg·kg^?1) than in summer (0.001–0.035 mg·kg^?1). Single factor pollution (P) in vegetables indicated that all vegetables were polluted in diverse levels. The exceeding rate in different vegetables was 0.00% to 88.89% in summer and 0.00% to 100% in winter compared with limits of pollutants in vegetables. The value of bio-concentration factor (BCF) revealed that the mercury absorption capacity of 10 species vegetables decreased in the following order: pea seedling > spinage > caraway > lettuces > pakchoi > celery > crowndaisy chrysanthemum > chives > spinach > shallot. The daily intake (DI) and target hazard quotient (THQ) of mercury for children (2–12 years), young adults (18–45 years), and quinquagenarian (>45 years) indicated that non-carcinogenic values were below the threshold values except one sampling sit from farmland around the industrial parks. Furthermore, the THQ of open field in summer was higher than plastic greenhouse in winter. Under the same pollution level, children had more non-carcinogenic risk than young adults and quinquagenarian.     

苔藓植物对贵州丹寨汞矿区汞污染的生态监测

采用野外生态学系统取样方法和室内理化分析方法相结合,分别从苔藓植物地球化学特征、物种丰富度、群落类型、群落的结构等生物学特征上,探讨苔藓植物对丹寨汞矿区汞污染的生态监测。丹寨汞矿区苔藓植物共20个科,34属85种;真藓科和丛藓科占优势。在汞污染程度不同的4种生境梯度中,汞含量均超出国家土壤环境质量三级土标准的10倍以上。各研究生境梯度真藓(Bryum argenteum),丛生真藓(Bryum caespiticium)和狭叶小羽藓(Haplocladium angustifolium)体内的汞含量与其生境基质(土壤)的汞含量在P＜0.01水平上呈显著的正相关;且信度系数R均大于0.9,表明被测苔藓植物在地球化学特征上具有监测环境汞污染的生态功能。物种丰富度特征方面,汞污染严重区域物种丰富度较低;而污染程度相对较轻区域物种丰富度则较大;表明了该区苔藓植物丰富度总体上可以作为环境中汞污染的监测指标之一。群落学特征方面,群落类型丰富度在汞污染较重的区域丰富度较低;而苔藓植物群落结构方面,在汞污染较重区域过渡到汞污染相对较轻区域,纯群落数在逐渐减少,但3种及3种以上组成的群落数却有所增加。表现了苔藓群落结构组成越简单则该区汞污染较严重,苔藓植物结构组成越复杂则该区的汞污染程度相对较轻。这说明了苔藓植物群落特征也较适合作为汞矿区生态监测的指标。在汞污染区过渡到相对清洁区的污染过渡带,苔藓物种多样性和群落类型趋于多样化,产生了较明显群落边缘效应。     

大气汞源解析受体模型研究进展

大气汞循环演化对全球汞的生物地球化学循环起着极其重要的作用。人为活动(化石燃料燃烧、水泥生产、氯碱制造以及金属冶炼与加工等)已成为大气汞的重要来源。在一定条件下,大气中的汞会发生干湿沉降而对某一局部环境——受体产生很大的影响。大气汞沉降在城市和工业区呈现出很强的空间梯度现象,排放源附近的汞沉降量明显较强。利用对受体的研究开展大气汞的源解析工作,是大气汞研究的一个重要领域。本文综述了污染物源解析的受体模型的研究及应用,介绍了化学质量平衡法、因子分析法、正交矩阵因子分解法、多元线性回归法等方法,概括了源解析在大气汞方面的应用成果,对我国区域大气汞源解析受体模型的建立及应用进行了探讨。     

Aquaporins account for variations in hydraulic conductance for metabolically active root regions of Agave deserti in wet, dry, and rewetted soil

The importance of aquaporins for root hydraulic conductance (L_P) was investigated along roots of the desert succulent Agave deserti in wet, dry and rewetted soil. Water channel activity was inferred from HgCl₂‐induced reductions of L_P that were reversible by 2‐mercaptoethanol. Under wet conditions, HgCl₂ reduced L_P for the distal root region by 50% and for the root region near the shoot base by 36% but did not affect L_P for the mid‐root region. For all root regions, L_P decreased by 30–60% during 10 d in drying soil and was not further reduced by HgCl₂. After soil rewetting, L_P increased to pre‐drying values and was again reduced by HgCl₂ for the distal and the basal root regions but not the mid‐root region. For the distal region, water channels in the epidermis/exodermis made a disproportionately large contribution to radial hydraulic conductance of the intact segment; for the basal region, water channel activity was highest in the cortex and endodermis. The role of water channels was greatest in tissues in which cells were metabolically active both in the distal root region, where new apical growth occurs in wet soil, and in the basal region, which is the most likely root region to intercept light rainfall.     

青藏高原东南缘贡嘎山地区大气总汞时间序列分析及其影响因子

使用Tekran 2537A大气汞自动分析仪对中国科学院贡嘎山高山生态系统观测试验站磨西基地站(102°72′E29°92′N)进行了为期1a的大气总汞(TGM)高时间分辨率观测。研究区域的平均TGM浓度为(4±1.38)ng m-3(N=57310),高于全球大气总汞背景值1.5~2.0ng m-3。不同季节表现出相似的日变化模式,即白天相对夜晚具有较高的TGM浓度,最大TGM浓度出现在中午,最小值出现在日出前,春季和夏季日变化高峰值出现时间比秋季和冬季早1~2h。以冬季TGM浓度最高,为(6.13±1.78)ng m-3;夏季最低,为(3.17±0.67)ng m-3。观测期间不同风向间TGM浓度无显著差异。相关分析表明,TGM浓度与温度、饱和水汽压、降水量、紫外辐射、大气压有显著相关性,这种相关性随季节而变化。贡嘎山地区大气汞浓度主要受局地源的影响和调节。     

24% Single-Junction GaAs Solar Cell Grown Directly on Growth-Planarized Facets Using Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy

A 24%-efficient single-junction GaAs solar cell grown directly on a faceted, spalled (100) GaAs substrate after in situ planarization growth by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) is achieved. Controlled spalling, a promising low-cost substrate reuse technique, produces large facets in (100)-oriented GaAs substrates due to the orientation of the fracture planes used for lift-off. Planarization by HVPE offers a path toward direct use of these spalled substrates without costly polishing steps. Here, the growth rate anisotropy enabling planarization arising from diffusion and differences in the adsorption of growth species on {n11}B-type facets relative to (100) is determined. Consecutive planarization and device growth that results in a solar cell with a minimal performance difference relative to a control cell grown on an epitaxy-ready substrate are demonstrated. These results show that controlled spalling coupled with HVPE planarization is a viable pathway for lowering the cost of III-V photovoltaics.     

水生昆虫对汞的吸收、富集和水-陆转移

汞是一种人体非必需且有毒的重金属元素,全球性的汞污染因对人类健康具有损害而备受社会关注。自然界中的汞绝大部分会通过江河径流和雨雪尘土的沉降而进入水生生态系统,每年进入水生生态系统的汞至少有10 000吨。水生昆虫作为重要的消费者生物存在于水生生态食物网中,是其重要的组成部分,在水生生态系统的物质循环中扮演着重要角色。本文介绍了近年来水生昆虫与汞之间的相关研究,重点总结了水生昆虫对汞的吸收和富集程度,分析了水生昆虫在汞的水-陆转移中的作用。研究数据表明,水生昆虫对汞的吸收程度与环境因素有关,并通过不同的途径转移到陆地生态系统中,对陆地生态系统上层食物链的生物存在一定的威胁,同时也需注意在对水生昆虫进行开发利用的同时,考虑汞是否超标的因素。