Bitrophic toxicity of Cry1Ac to Cycloneda sanguinea,a predator in Brazilian cotton

Insect predators are exposed to the Cry1Ac toxin in Bt cotton fields through several pathways. In this study, we investigated the effects of activated Cry1Ac added to a diet on Cycloneda sanguinea (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), which is one of the main predators of non‐target pests in Brazilian cotton. Direct bitrophic exposure of C. sanguinea to Cry1Ac was done by feeding beetles with Aphis gossypii (Glover) (Hemiptera: Aphidae) sprayed with 500 μg per ml Cry1Ac solution. Larval and pupal survival, development time, aphid consumption, and adult longevity were recorded daily. Couples within the same experimental treatment were paired and numbers of eggs laid and hatched per female were recorded daily. Net replacement rate was calculated for each female. During development, a C. sanguinea larva consumed on average 1.8 μg of activated Cry1Ac. No significant differences due to Cry1Ac were observed for any of the response variables, except aphid consumption. Larvae receiving Cry1Ac consumed more aphids than larvae receiving distilled water alone. Additional statistical analyses were conducted to evaluate independence of responses, and for the independent responses, a simple meta‐analysis was conducted to test the null hypothesis that all responses were zero. Nearly all of the response variables were statistically independent. Two pairs of responses were not independent, but the associated multivariate tests were not significant. The meta‐analysis suggested that all effects were not different from random variation around zero and no cumulative effects could be detected. Our results indicated that bitrophic exposure to activated Cry1Ac is likely to have little or no adverse ecological effect on C. sanguinea.     

Predictive systems ecology

Human societies, and their well-being, depend to a significant extent on the state of the ecosystems that surround them. These ecosystems are changing rapidly usually in response to anthropogenic changes in the environment. To determine the likely impact of environmental change on ecosystems and the best ways to manage them, it would be desirable to be able to predict their future states. We present a proposal to develop the paradigm of predictive systems ecology, explicitly to understand and predict the properties and behaviour of ecological systems. We discuss the necessary and desirable features of predictive systems ecology models. There are places where predictive systems ecology is already being practised and we summarize a range of terrestrial and marine examples. Significant challenges remain but we suggest that ecology would benefit both as a scientific discipline and increase its impact in society if it were to embrace the need to become more predictive.     

上海市临床医师对基因技术与生命伦理的认知

上海市公立医院临床医师对基因技术与生命伦理的认知调查显示,临床医师对基因技术的优势与风险有一定的认知,但认知差异较大,需要对临床医师加强生命伦理的培训,加强基因相关法规的建设。     

门诊患者医疗服务感受度影响因素研究

??????? 目的 了解门诊患者对就医服务感受度影响因素,以期提高患者满意度。 方法 现场问卷调查法、专家访谈法。 结果 患者在门诊过程中最为关注的就诊流程、等候时间、就医环境、医德医风四个因素,非常看重医护人员服务规范,服务流程便捷流畅。病情不同患者对等候时间要求不同,对医院熟悉程度与就诊环境感受度不同。结论 在门诊服务中为患者提供便捷流畅、规范化的服务,同时应注重患者的不同服务需求。     

基于FMEA和POSSUM评分的手术风险评估研究

??????? 目的 研究建立手术风险评估的架构,以正确决策手术时机。方法 采用用于计数死亡率和并发症发生率的生理学和手术严重性（POSSUM）评分原理进行分层计分,同时引用失效模式与效应分析方法对手术可能发生故障模式的严重度及发生可能性及风险因素的影响度3个维度进行评估。结果 建立了手术前风险预警机制及手术评估架构,利用评估架构对某综合医院2010年200例80岁高龄的手术病人进行了术前评估,结果手术后并发症的发生率较2009年同年龄的手术病人的并发症下降了10.45%。结论 在手术前对手术相关因素进行评估,可以为手术时机的选择提供参考。     

基于SPAC系统干旱区水分循环和水分来源研究方法综述

土壤-植物-大气连续体(SPAC)是研究植物水分利用与循环的核心,研究其水分传输过程对于旱区植被恢复具有重要指导意义.本文从土壤水分和植物蒸腾两个方面进行阐述,对土壤水分的研究主要涉及热惯量法、中子仪法和时域反射仪法,植物蒸腾则从枝叶尺度、单木尺度、林分尺度和区域尺度4个层面分类总结;并重点介绍了稳定同位素方法在研究植物不同水分来源中的应用.     

马尾松松针挥发油提取工艺研究

本文研究水蒸气蒸馏法提取马尾松松针挥发油的工艺。通过单因素试验考察液固比、提取时间、松针长度、浸泡时间4个因素对马尾松松针挥发油得率的影响,运用L9(34)正交试验探索最佳工艺条件。结果表明,浸泡时间对挥发油提取有显著影响(P=0.045),最佳时间为7 h;液固比、提取时间、松针长度无显著影响(P>0.05)。最佳工艺条件为液固比9∶1、提取时间3 h、松针长度5 mm、浸泡时间7 h,通过验证实验验证此工艺稳定可行。     

正交试验法优选复方四参颗粒剂的提取工艺

本文研究复方四参颗粒剂的提取工艺,采用正交试验法,以丹酚酸B提取率和干膏得率为指标,考察加水量、煎煮时间和煎煮次数对提取效果的影响,确立了复方四参颗粒剂的最佳提取工艺为:加8倍量水,提取2次,第一次时间为2 h,第二次为1 h。在最佳提取工艺条件下,干膏得率为16.58%,丹酚酸B的平均量为22.42mg。与正交试验的结果相符,说明该提取方法合理、稳定、可行。     

Epigeic spiders are not affected by the genetically modified maize MON 88017

The genetically modified (GM) maize MON 88017 facilitates weed management owing to its tolerance to glyphosate, and resists western corn rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, owing to the expression of Cry3Bb1 toxin. MON 88017 could therefore contribute to the solution of two major problems of European agriculture: continuous WCR spreading and high use of herbicides. To assess possible unwanted environmental impacts of MON 88017, we compared communities of spiders in plots planted in three successive years with this maize, its near isogenic non‐GM cultivar treated or not treated with an insecticide and two unrelated maize cultivars. Each of the five treatments was applied on five 0.5 ha plots in a 14 ha field. Spiders were collected in five pitfall traps per plot five times per year. Upon reaching the waxy ripening stage, all plants of first‐year cultivation were shredded to small pieces and ploughed into the soil in the respective plot, whereas in the 2nd and 3rd year the harvest was used for biogas production and only digestate was returned to the field. Out of 79 spider species, Pardosa agrestis, Pachygnatha degeeri and Oedothorax apicatus made up 28%, 25% and 23% of the total spider count in the 1st year of study; 2%, 8% and 84% in the 2nd; and 40%, 8% and 35% in the 3rd year. Statistical analysis did not reveal any influence of GM maize on the spider abundance and biodiversity. The abundance, and in two years also the species diversity, was insignificantly higher on the plots with GM maize than on plots with the insecticide‐treated non‐GM maize. The composition and size of spider community varied year to year, probably reflecting weather conditions and differences in field fertilization with organic matter.