野牡丹科十属植物研究进展

本文综述了野牡丹科十属植物的化学成分、生物活性以及临床应用等内容,是对该科属植物近40多年来相关研究的首次较系统的归纳总结,为相关植物的进一步研究和开发利用提供参考.     

3种植物乙醇提取物对南方根结线虫卵囊酯酶活力影响及其成分预分析

2000μg/ml合欢叶、黄花菊花和万寿菊叶乙醇提取物溶液处理根结线虫卵囊24h、48h和120h后,采用酶标仪分别对卵囊羧酸酯酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶活力进行了测定。结果表明各处理对根结线虫卵囊羧酸酯酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性均有显著的抑制作用。与对照无菌水相比,合欢叶、黄花菊花和万寿菊叶乙醇提取物溶液处理卵囊120h后,卵囊羧酸酯酶活力抑制率分别为85.94%、86.16%和65.18%,乙酰胆碱酯酶活力抑制率分别为51.16%、46.51%和34.88%。并对3种植物乙醇提取物化学成分进行预分析。     

Application of near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for screening of raw materials used in the cell culture medium for the production of a recombinant therapeutic protein

Control of raw materials based on an understanding of their impact on product attributes has been identified as a key aspect of developing a control strategy in the Quality by Design (QbD) paradigm. This article presents a case study involving use of a combined approach of Near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and Multivariate Data Analysis (MVDA) for screening of lots of basal medium powders based on their impact on process performance and product attributes. These lots had identical composition as per the supplier and were manufactured at different scales using an identical process. The NIR/MVDA analysis, combined with further investigation at the supplier site, concluded that grouping of medium components during the milling and blending process varied with the scale of production and media type. As a result, uniformity of blending, impurity levels, chemical compatibility, and/or heat sensitivity during the milling process for batches of large‐scale media powder were deemed to be the source of variation as detected by NIR spectra. This variability in the raw materials was enough to cause unacceptably large variability in the performance of the cell culture step and impact the attributes of the resulting product. A combined NIR/MVDA approach made it possible to finger print the raw materials and distinguish between good and poor performing media lots. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010     

Ecosystem service values and land use change in the opium poppy cultivation region in Northern Part of Lao PDR

Land use change and land-cover impacts ecosystem services and functions. In this paper according to the study area’s land use characteristic and ecosystem type, the Land use category of the study area was divided into seven categories, including Forest, Grassland, Farmland, Water, Wetlands, Urban land and Barren land. The dynamic information of the forest Land use change during 10 years was calculated by the map algebra in ArcGIS 9.2. Both in 1992 and in 2002, Forest and Grassland were two largest Land use category in the study area. Forest took up 44.7% and 39.4% of the total area, and Grassland was 50.13% and 50.72% of the total area in 1992 and 2002. Finally, we valued change in ecosystem services delivered by each land use category using coefficients published by Costanza et al. [5]. Ecosystem services value of study area, the total ecosystem services value of 10.6 million hectares of this study area decreased by 11.74%. From the coefficient of sensitivity (CS) was less than unity in all case, it indicated that the total ecosystem services values was relatively inelastic and the results suggest that we have to pay attention more on land use change and finally, policy for driving forces of land use change were developed.     

青海湖流域具鳞水柏枝植物水分利用氢同位素示踪研究

具鳞水柏枝(Myricaria squamosa)是我国高寒地区广泛分布的优势河谷灌木, 具有维持河谷湿地系统稳定的功能。然而, 目前国内外有关具鳞水柏枝水分利用来源的定量研究很少。该文运用氢稳定同位素示踪方法, 分析了青海湖流域具鳞水柏枝茎(木质部)水和潜在水源(地下水、河水和土壤水)的氢稳定同位素比率(δD)的季节变化, 发现具鳞水柏枝在不同水文环境下的植物水分利用来源有明显差异。研究结果表明, 生长在河岸边的具鳞水柏枝在6、7月主要利用地下水与河水, 分别占其所利用水分的89%、86%和55%、65%, 8月主要利用0-20 cm土层的土壤水, 9月水源不详。生长在离河岸约100 m处的具鳞水柏枝在6月主要利用地下水与河水(91%、70%), 在7-9月以0-60 cm土层的土壤水为主要水源。这表明生长在河岸边的具鳞水柏枝对地下水和河水的依赖程度较高, 而距离河岸约100 m时对土壤水的利用量较多, 反映出生长在不同生境中的具鳞水柏枝对特定水分条件的特殊适应结果。     

黄土高原泾河流域长时间序列的归一化植被指数动态变化及其驱动因素分析

泾河流域土地开发历史悠久, 是黄土高原水土流失的典型区域。研究气候变化和人类活动影响下泾河流域的植被覆盖变化及其原因, 对黄土高原的植被恢复、水土保持和景观管理等都具有重要意义。该研究应用GIMMS归一化植被指数NDVI、土地覆盖分类数据和气候数据, 采用趋势分析和相关分析方法, 研究了泾河流域1982-2005年植被覆盖变化趋势及其驱动因素。研究表明: 泾河流域24年间79.64%的区域NDVI无显著变化趋势, NDVI趋势显著增加的区域占16.33%, 主要集中在流域中部和南部, NDVI趋势显著减小的区域占4.03%, 主要集中在流域北部。流域所有气象站点的降水量均无显著变化趋势, 气温均呈显著升高趋势。分析发现气候变化不能很好地解释NDVI趋势的空间分异, 人为因素更为重要。从土地利用分析结果来看, NDVI不同趋势下各土地利用类型比例无明显变化, 但NDVI显著增加区以耕地为主, 显著减小区以草地为主, 由此推断NDVI的显著增加趋势主要由耕地NDVI增加引起, 显著减小趋势可能与林地减少和草地退化有关。通过分析不同分区的土地利用数据和社会经济资料, 着重探讨了造成植被覆盖显著变化趋势的人为因素。     

黑河中游干旱绿洲土壤盐渍化对大型土壤动物群落的影响

以内陆干旱区黑河中游绿洲边缘区天然沙质草地及其转变的人工梭梭灌木林（21 a）、人工杨树林（28 a）、人工樟子松林（33 a）和农田（开垦27 a和100 a）为研究对象,对6种样地土壤盐渍化和大型土壤动物群落特征进行调查,采用多变量排序、多元回归和通径分析及一元回归分析等方法,研究了不同土地覆被和管理措施下土壤动物群落组成及对土壤盐碱环境变化的响应.结果表明: 在缺乏管理措施的情况下,单纯改变土地覆被并不会显著影响土壤动物群落结构;而在有管理措施的情况下,土地覆被变化与管理措施耦合可显著改变土壤动物群落结构.土壤动物群落演变受到土壤pH、可溶性盐及Na⁺、Cl^-、HCO₃^-、Mg²⁺浓度的共同影响,其中Na⁺和可溶性盐含量的贡献率最大,是关键影响因子.土壤动物密度和类群丰富度与土壤中的Na⁺和可溶性盐含量呈显著负指数函数关系,与Mg²⁺和HCO₃^-含量呈显著二次曲线关系.研究区土壤动物密度和类群丰富度在Mg²⁺和HCO₃^-含量达到生态阈值点（分别为38.7～39.4 mg·kg^-1和324.9～335.3 mg·kg^-1）时达到峰值（40～43只·m^-2和13～14科·m^-2）.此后,随着Mg²⁺和HCO₃^-含量的增加, 土壤动物密度和类群丰富度下降.     

A GIS-based risk reduction approach for the hazardous materials routing problem in Gaziantep

The transportation of hazardous materials assumes a fundamental importance, especially in urban areas, in order to identify possible alternative routes and to choose the route with minimum risk. Therefore, considering minimization risk rather than minimization distance to prevent a potential danger being transformed into a real event is necessary. In this article , a geographic information system (GIS)–based solution approach is developed to quantify the factors on each link in the network that contribute to a possible route. Based on the origin and destination of each shipment, the risks associated with the routes that minimize (1) the transport distance, (2) the population exposure, (3) the probability of an incident, and (4) the emergency response are evaluated. Proposed risk models are applied to fuel-oil transportation problem between resource point and 78 gasoline stations through the road network of Gaziantep city center. Results show that the proposed framework can contribute to the thought processes of policy-makers and carriers when they evaluate possible routes in order to minimize damage for transporting fuel oil.     

Uncertainty Quantification in Life Cycle Assessments: Interindividual Variability and Sensitivity Analysis in LCA of Air‐Conditioning Systems

The life cycle environmental profile of energy‐consuming products, such as air conditioning, is dominated by the products’ use phase. Different user behavior patterns can therefore yield large differences in the results of a cradle‐to‐grave assessment. Although this variation and uncertainty is increasingly recognized, it remains often poorly characterized in life cycle assessment (LCA) studies. Today, pervasive sensing presents the opportunity to collect rich data sets and improve profiling of use‐phase parameters, in turn facilitating quantification and reduction of this uncertainty in LCA. This study examined the case of energy use in building cooling systems, focusing on global warming potential (GWP) as the impact category. In Singapore, building cooling systems or air conditioning consumes up to 37% of national electricity demand. Lack of consideration of variation in use‐phase interaction leads to the oversized designs, wasted energy, and therefore reducible GWP. Using a high‐resolution data set derived from sensor observations, energy use and behavior patterns of single‐office occupants were characterized by probabilistic distributions. The interindividual variability and use‐phase variables were propagated in a stochastic model for the life cycle of air‐conditioning systems and simulated by way of Monte Carlo analysis. Analysis of the generated uncertainties identified plausible reductions in global warming impact through modifying user interaction. Designers concerned about the environmental profile of their products or systems need better representation of the underlying variability in use‐phase data to evaluate the impact. This study suggests that data can be reliably provided and incorporated into the life cycle by proliferation of pervasive sensing, which can only continue to benefit future LCA.     

Consequential Life Cycle Assessment of Pasture‐based Milk Production: A Case Study in the Waikato Region,New Zealand

Farm intensification options in pasture‐based dairy systems are generally associated with increased stocking rates coupled with the increased use of off‐farm inputs to support the additional feed demand of animals. However, as well as increasing milk production per hectare, intensification can also exacerbate adverse impacts on the environment. The objective of the present study was to investigate environmental trade‐offs associated with potential intensification methods for pasture‐based dairy farming systems in the Waikato region, New Zealand. The intensification scenarios selected were (1) increased pasture utilization efficiency (PUE scenario), (2) increased use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer to boost on‐farm pasture production (N fertilizer scenario), and (3) increased use of brought‐in feed as maize silage (MS) (MS scenario). Twelve impact categories were assessed. The PUE scenario was the environmentally preferred intensification method, and the preferred choice between the N fertilizer and MS scenarios depended upon trade‐offs between different environmental impacts. Sensitivity analysis was carried out to test the effects of choice associated with: (1) the approaches used to account for indirect land‐use change (ILUC) and (2) the competing product systems (conventional beef systems) used to handle the co‐product dairy meat for the climate change (CC) indicator. Results showed that the magnitude of the CC indicator results was influenced by the ILUC accounting approaches and the choice associated with a global marginal beef mix, but the relative CC indicator results for the three intensification scenarios remained unchanged.