福建长汀土壤严重侵蚀区马尾松树干液流对台风天气的响应

在台风天气应用热扩散技术对福建长汀土壤严重侵蚀区的马尾松树干液流进行测定,结果显示:台风带来的高强度降雨和大风抑制了马尾松的蒸腾作用;台风降雨并未提高植物的可利用水分;台风前后马尾松的光合作用和水分生理活动无明显差异;台风过程中与马尾松树干液流密度极显著相关(P<0.01)的环境因子有太阳辐射、空气温度和水汽压亏缺,晴天时则为空气温度、太阳辐射、相对湿度和水汽压亏缺。研究表明,台风没有增加植物的可利用水分,也未对马尾松的生理活动产生破坏作用。     

我国东南沿海新建铁路工程的水土流失分析

铁路建设工程中的路基修筑、隧道开凿、取土弃渣均会导致大量的水土流失,对铁路沿线生态环境造成不利影响.以我国东南沿海地区5条双线铁路的新建工程为例,通过水土流失影响指数评价模型定量比较了5铁路建设工程的水土流失影响.结果表明,福厦线的单位占地面积、单位影响面积和单位工程造成的水土流失总量均最大;温福线的工期最长,其未恢复治理面积的比重也最高;龙厦线的单位土石方总量和单位弃方量最多.甬台温线、温福线、福厦线、厦深线和龙厦线的水土流失影响指数值分别为0.264、0.247、0.375、0.256和0.264,平均值为0.278.     

黄土高原地区土壤可蚀性及其应用研究

通过回顾已有的成果,分析评价了我国土壤可蚀性研究的进展及存在的问题,提出我国土壤可蚀性研究中的标准小区定义,运用野外观测资料,研究计算了黄土高原地区土壤可蚀性指标标值,结果表明,陕北和晋西北一带黄土可蚀性K值变化于0．3－0．7之间,并且有以陕西子洲,绥德一带为最大,以此为中心,向南,向北和向东都减少的变化趋势。     

新疆库尔勒市土地利用变化对土壤性状的影响研究

土地利用与土地覆被变化是全球变化研究的热点问题。在新疆库尔勒市选择土地利用变化后已持续利用15－20a的9种典型利用方式,11个剖面,与荒漠、原始胡杨林2各参照利用方式3个标准剖面进行对比分析。结果显示土地利用变化对土壤养分、土壤盐分、土壤侵蚀、土壤水分和土地生产力有明显的影响,荒漠开垦后土壤养分呈下降趋势,土壤侵蚀强度也呈下降趋势,土地生产力与土壤有水分含量呈上升趋势。同时发现土壤侵蚀强度与生产力呈负相关关系,土地生产力与土壤水分呈正相关关系。林、草有利于保护干旱区生态环境,调整土地利用结构,合理开垦,加之预防和治理措施在一定程度上可防止或减弱土地退化（荒漠化）进程。     

Spatial variability in the response of lower trophic levels after carp exclusion from a freshwater marsh

Large common carp (Cyprinus carpio >30 cm) wereexcluded from a turbid, eutrophic coastal marsh of Lake Ontario with theconstruction of a fishway at the outlet. The marsh was sampledintensively for 2 seasons prior to (1993, 1994) and following (1997,1998) carp exclusion to study changes in water quality and shifts incommunity structure of phytoplankton and zooplankton. Samples werecollected from May to September in three habitats: open water, vegetated(cattail beds) and sewage lagoon. In the first year after carpexclusion, mean seasonal water turbidity decreased at all sites by49–80%; this was accompanied by growth of submergentplants in shallow, sheltered areas including the vicinity of cattails atthe vegetated site. This drop in turbidity was not significant in thesecond year after exclusion at the open water and lagoon sites, withturbidity levels declining by only 26–54% of1993–1994 values; only the vegetated site showed a sustaineddecrease in turbidity and persistent growth of submergent plants. At thevegetated site, increased clarity was concurrent with a significantreduction in edible algal biomass and an increased representation oflarge zooplankton grazers and substrate-associated cladocerans. At theopen water site, a spring clear-water phase was evident during the firstyear of exclusion and this coincided with the unusual appearance of alarge population of Daphnia. Compared to the other sites, thelagoon remained relatively turbid throughout the study. Results of thisstudy indicate that the response of lower trophic levels tobiomanipulation was variable from site-to-site and contributed to theco-existence of two alternative states in the marsh. In vegetated areas,water clarity was maintained by a positive feedback system betweenzooplankton and submergent macrophytes in the first 2 years followingexclusion. We suggest that both benthivore removal (to reducebioturbation) and planktivore reductions (to produce top down effects)were required to produce clear water and allow submersed macrophytegrowth. Although carp removal likely contributed to a 45%reduction in turbidity, an unusual climactic event in 1997, resulting indelayed fish spawning in the marsh, temporarily reduced zooplanktivoryand favoured zooplankton grazing-induced water clarity improvements.     

Modification of Sediments and Macrofauna by an Invasive Marsh Plant

Invasive grasses have recently altered salt marsh ecosystems throughout the northern hemisphere. On the eastern seaboard of the USA, Phragmites australis has invaded both brackish and salt marsh habitats. Phragmites australis influence on sediments and fauna was investigated along a salinity and invasion-age gradient in marshes of the lower Connecticut River estuary. Typical salinities were about 19–24 ppt in Site I, 9–10 ppt in Site II and 5–7 ppt in Site III. Strongest effects were evident in the least saline settings (II and III) where Phragmites has been present the longest and exists in monoculture. Limited influence was evident in the most saline region (I) where Phragmites and native salt marsh plants co-occur. The vegetation within Phragmites stands in tidal regions of the Connecticut River generally exhibits taller, but less dense shoots, higher above-ground biomass, and lower below-ground biomass than does the un-invaded marsh flora. There were lower sediment organic content, greater litter accumulation and higher sediment chlorophyll a concentrations in Phragmites- invaded than un-invaded marsh habitat. Epifaunal gastropods (Succinea wilsoni and Stagnicola catascopium) were less abundant in habitats where Phragmites had invaded than in un-invaded marsh habitat. Macro-infaunal densities were lower in the Phragmites-invaded than un-invaded habitats at the two least saline sites (II and III). Phragmites stands supported more podurid insects, sabellid polychaetes, and peracarid crustaceans, fewer arachnids, midges, tubificid and enchytraeid oligochaetes, and greater habitat-wide taxon richness as measured by rarefaction, than did the un-invaded stands. The magnitude and significance of the compositional differences varied with season and with site; differences were generally greatest at the oldest, least saline sites (II and III) and during May, when faunal densities were higher than in September. However, experimental design and the 1-year study period precluded clear separation of salinity, age, and seasonal effects. Although structural effects of Phragmites on salt marsh faunas are evident, further investigation is required to determine the consequences of these effects for ecosystem function. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

崇明东滩南部盐沼植被空间分布及影响因素分析

崇明东滩南部滩面高程、土壤盐度在空间上呈明显的梯度变化规律。高程整体西高东低、北高南低, 盐度东北高、西南低, 两者共同限制着盐沼植物在空间上的分布。该文围绕崇明东滩南部主要植被类群及其空间分布, 探讨了土壤盐度、潮滩高程两大环境因子与植物种群分布的对应关系。基于2013年夏、秋季植被空间网格采样和空间插值, 分析了东滩南部植物的空间分布现状, 发现不同植物类群在高程和土壤盐度上存在极显著的差异(p < 0.01)。高程差异: 莎草科类群主要分布于高程区间2.93-4.07 m的低潮滩, 禾本科主要集中分布在高程3.13-4.31 m的中、高潮滩; 盐度差异: 海三棱藨草(Scirpus mariqueter)和互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)优势种群植被覆盖区表层30 cm的平均土壤盐度为(3.2 ± 0.6) g·kg^-1, 显著高于其他类群植物分布区的平均土壤盐度(2.0 ± 0.3) g·kg^-1 (p < 0.01)。崇明东滩湿地生态系统的关键种兼先锋种——海三棱藨草, 分布高程介于2.53-3.97 m, 而互花米草能适应海三棱藨草80%的高程区间, 两者在高程上存在竞争关系。统计数据显示, 研究区域中近90%的海三棱藨草分布在研究区东北部, 土壤盐度范围为1.6-4.5 g·kg^-1, 海三棱藨草、互花米草能较好地适应该空间内的盐度胁迫, 两种植物在此交替出现。但是在高程和土壤盐度的综合作用下, 互花米草的生长状况更好, 因此该区的海三棱藨草很可能会被互花米草逐步取代。对各类群植被分布和优势面积的研究发现, 海三棱藨草总分布面积为294 hm², 优势群落面积120 hm², 海三棱藨草仅占莎草科植物总优势面积的15.7%, 占研究区总面积的6.9%, 在6种主要植物(芦苇(Phragmites australis)、白茅(Imperata cylindrica)、互花米草、糙叶薹草(Carex scabrifolia)、藨草(Scirpus triqueter)、海三棱藨草)中比重最小, 这给保护区内海三棱藨草种群的恢复和保护带来极大的挑战。     

碳源和淹水时间对水稻土微生物Fe(Ⅲ)还原能力的影响

以我国6个省的水稻土为供试样品,采用厌氧恒温培养方法,研究了分别以葡萄糖、丙酮酸盐、乳酸盐和乙酸盐为惟一碳源时不同淹水时间土壤微生物群落对Fe(Ⅲ)的还原能力.结果表明：不同淹水时间对Fe(Ⅲ)还原特征值V_max的影响显著,表现为淹水20 d > 30 d > 12 d > 1 d > 5 d,不同淹水时间下水稻土微生物群落结构不同是导致Fe(Ⅲ)还原能力不同的主要原因.不同碳源对微生物铁还原过程有显著影响,葡萄糖和丙酮酸盐在不同淹水时间中始终为优势碳源,其Fe(Ⅲ)还原率分别为88.1%～99.9%和58.0%～97.9%;不同土壤铁还原微生物群落对乳酸盐的利用差距较大,湖南和浙江水稻土在整个淹水周期中Fe(Ⅲ)还原率达到87.1%～100%,而其他土壤则表现为淹水前5 d为5.0%～49.4%,12 d后增加到52.2%～99.9%;乙酸盐处理在不同淹水时间中都表现为随时间推移Fe(Ⅲ)还原率逐渐增大的趋势,其中浙江水稻土的变化最大,在5.3%～75.8%.     

桂西北喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤物理性质的时空分异及成因

运用经典统计方法,以桂西北喀斯特峰丛洼地4个植被演替阶段(草地、灌木林、次生林、原生林)土壤表层(0～15 cm)和剖面为研究对象,采用冗余分析(RDA)方法分析土壤物理性质的时空分异成因.结果表明： 灌木林和原生林表土的粘粒(＜0.002 mm)和粉粒(0.002～0.05 mm)含量分别与其他3个演替阶段有显著差异;草地与次生林之间各粒级颗粒含量差异不显著;各演替阶段土壤砂粒(0.05～2.0 mm)含量均无显著差异;草地的容重与其他3个演替阶段差异极显著.草地粘粒含量随坡位升高而增加,其他植被类型为中坡位粘粒含量最高,且同一植被类型下不同坡位之间差异不显著.原生林0～30 cm土壤各层次间的粘粒含量变化幅度(14.55%)大于草地(7.12%)、灌木林(11.24%)和次生林(13.77%),人类干扰对表层土壤颗粒组成有很大影响.土壤物理性质主要受土壤有机碳和各演替阶段植被类型的影响,其中砂粒含量受裸岩率的影响较大.