海洋微生物裂解二甲基巯基丙酸内盐(DMSP)的酶促催化机制

二甲基巯基丙酸内盐(dimethylsulfoniopropionate,DMSP)是全球硫循环和碳循环的重要载体物质。海洋浮游植物、大型藻类和临海被子植物是DMSP的主要生产者。每年DMSP的产量可以达到1×10~9吨。在北大西洋表面的某些区域,DMSP的产量可以达到碳固定总量的10%。微生物介导的DMSP的裂解是全球硫循环和碳循环的重要步骤。目前,8种参与裂解DMSP的DMSP裂解酶已被报道。在已发现的8种DMSP裂解酶中,3种DMSP裂解酶的催化机制得到了研究和阐明。本文根据国内外研究成果,主要对DMSP裂解过程的酶促催化机制的研究进展进行综述,认为在今后工作中需要继续发现新的DMSP裂解酶,并进一步揭示海洋微生物裂解DMSP的分子机制。     

我国海洋细菌新物种鉴定与资源研发进展

近年来国际上对海洋微生物资源的发掘方兴未艾。本文综述了2000年以来我国在海洋细菌新物种鉴定与资源研发方面的进展,统计分析了国内相关单位海洋细菌新物种鉴定发表的数量及多样性,介绍了国内相关科研机构在海洋细菌系统学方面的工作进展,以及国内海洋微生物资源保藏与开发现状。比较了世界范围内海洋细菌系统学研究进展,并探讨了海洋细菌分离培养的主要方法,最后小结了我国海洋细菌资源研究领域存在的问题及未来发展的前景,为其进一步研发利用提供参考。     

《生物多样性公约》海洋生物多样性议题的 谈判焦点、影响及我国对策

海洋和沿海生物多样性保护和可持续利用等问题是《生物多样性公约》谈判的重要领域。本文梳理了历次缔约方大会的谈判进程, 认为主要焦点议题包括: (1)应对人类活动和全球气候变化对海洋和沿海生物多样性的影响; (2)海洋和沿海生物多样性保护和可持续利用的工具; (3)海洋保护区及具有重要生态或生物学意义的海域。这些议题的讨论将影响包括全球海洋保护区建设在内的海洋生物多样性保护进程, 也将影响全球海洋生物多样性保护国际制度的建设, 以及沿海国家的社会经济。我国应加强履约谈判的技术支持, 加快涉海相关问题研究, 积极参与相关国际谈判, 并大力宣传我国经验。     

福州市居住区景观树木多样性分析

对福州市辖区内自1995年建成的36个居住区景观树木构成和物种多样性进行调查,并根据建成年代和相对城市环线位置进行分析。结果表明,36个居住区共有155种12 694株景观树木,隶属于42科和97属。在树种构成分析中,将树种按常见程度分为6个组,标志组有20种,共7560株,优势组、常见组、少见组、稀有组以及孤生组分别有17、19、49、38、12种和2383、1297、1269、173、12株。多样性分析表明,福州市居住区景观树木多样性与发达城市比较还存在差距,尤其是旧居住区的景观树木物种多样性更低,树种选择也更为单一。此外,取样居住区中部分安置房居住区的景观树种多样性低于同时期非安置房居住区。     

海绵中石油降解微生物的分离筛选及降解特性研究

从大连湾原油污染海域生长的海绵中分离筛选到一株原油降解菌OA58,根据其生长形态、培养特征、16S rRNA序列相似性比对分析和生化指标检测,初步鉴定为脱叶链霉菌（Streptomyces exfoliatus）。同时,考察了该链霉菌对原油的降解效果,OA58能以原油为唯一碳源生长,在人工海水培养基中,14 d内对原油（初始浓度为1 g/L）的平均降解率为83%,是一株具有开发潜力的原油降解放线菌。     

厦门同安湾定置网捕获鱼类的多样性及营养级特征

利用2012年4月至2013年3月在同安湾进行的定置网渔业资源调查资料, 探讨了该海域鱼类多样性及平均营养级特征。结果表明, 周年逐月共鉴定鱼类112种, 隶属于15目53科88属。渔获物组成以沿岸小型底层鱼类为主, 其中中上层鱼类15种, 中下层鱼类18种, 底层鱼类79种; 暖水性种类84种, 暖温性种类28种, 亚热带动物区系特征明显; 杂食性鱼类8种, 低级肉食性鱼类71种, 中级肉食性鱼类30种, 高级肉食性鱼类3种, 以低级肉食性鱼类为主。中华海鲶(Tachysurus sinensis)是夏、秋、冬三季的优势种, 六指多指马鲅(Polydactylus sextarius)、锯脊塘鳢(Butis koilomatodon)和髭缟鰕虎鱼(Tridentiger barbatus)是春、冬两季的优势种。重量和尾数多样性指数最高值均在11月, 分别为3.26和3.29; 最低值均在2月, 分别为1.78和1.77。鱼类种类存在明显的季节更替现象, 其月更替率6月最低, 为40.1%; 3月最高, 达68.6%。鱼类平均营养级也存在明显的季节变化, 其中3月最低, 为3.02; 1月最高, 为3.92; 周年平均营养级为3.52。与2003年调查资料相比, 鱼类种类数明显减少, 鱼类组成和优势种发生了很大的变化, 导致变化的主要原因可能是过度捕捞、栖息地破坏和环境污染等。     

Occurrence of leeches (Hirudinea, Piscicolidae) on some marine fishes in Norway

Marine fish from several locations along the west coast of Norway were examined for leeches. Seven leech species were detected, Calliobdella nodulifera (Malm, 1863) from codfish, flatfish and a ray, Calliobdella lophii van Beneden & Hesse, 1863 from Lophius piscatorius L., Platybdella anarrhichae (Diesing, 1859) on Anarhichas lupus L., Platybdella quadrioculata Malm, 1863 on Symphodus melops (L.), Oceanobdella sp. on Zeugopterus punctatus (Bloch), Malmiana brunnea (Johansson, 1896) on Myoxocephalus scorpius (L.) and Malmiana bubali Srivastava, 1966 on Taurulus bubalis (Euphrasen). Calliobdella nodulifera infected unrelated hosts (euryxenic); the others appeared to be host specialists (oio- or stenoxenic). Details on the occurrence of Calliobdella nodulifera on Enchelyopus cimbrius (L.) during 1 year are given, which together with other observations suggest that its life cycle exceeds a year. A brief account on the morphology of “Platybdella” quadrioculata is provided, justifying its transfer to the genus Oceanobdella Caballero, 1956 as O. quadrioculata comb. nov. With the new additions, the Norwegian marine piscicolid fauna contain 12 species. At least ten additional species, known from adjoining areas, also probably occur along the Norwegian coast.     

Colonization of dynamic Mediterranean landscapes: where do birds come from after fire?

Aim Two main mechanisms may explain post‐disturbance species colonization patterns of early successional habitats such as those originated by wildfires. First, post‐disturbance colonization is not limited by the dispersal ability of the species to reach the newly created open areas and, secondly, colonization is limited by dispersal. Under the first hypothesis, we expect, at a regional scale, to find similar post‐disturbance communities to develop on recently burned sites. However, colonization limited by dispersal will lead to strong between‐site variations in species composition. Location To test these hypotheses, we studied the post‐fire colonization patterns of nine open‐habitat bird species in eight distantly located wildfires in the north‐eastern Iberian Peninsula. Methods We censused post‐fire bird composition by means of field transects and identified potential colonization sources from species–habitat suitability maps derived from atlas data. Results Our results showed strong significant differences in post‐fire species composition between burnt areas. Burnt areas located in areas with low probability of species presence before the fire event showed lower species occurrence and richness after the fire. Main conclusions These results do not support the idea that early successional stages and open habitats have a homogeneous community structure at regional scales and suggest that dispersal is a key constraint determining bird colonization of post‐fire habitats. Further attention should be paid to landscape heterogeneity as a key factor in determining population dynamics of open‐habitat species in the light of current and future land‐use changes in Mediterranean regions.     

Trophic Structure of One Deep-sea Benthic Fish Community in the Eastern Canadian Arctic: Application of Food, Parasites and Multivariate Analysis

Synopsis As new arctic marine fisheries develop there is need for a comprehensive ecosystem approach to long-term management. This approach recognizes the importance of community interactions such as food web structure and trophic patterns. We determined whether hierarchical clustering (guild formation) is an effective method of trophic evaluation in deep-sea Artic fish communities using stomach content and parasite data with size class, and evaluated the application of endohelminth communities (parasite species transmitted in the food) as indicators of trophic status. Cluster analysis using food group abundance with size class of fish revealed the presence of 11 guilds within the community, however the same analysis using parasite data showed little correlation between food and parasites. Redundancy analysis (RDA) within the 11 guilds also revealed no significant correlations between food group and parasite abundance suggesting that this type of ordination is not suited for environments containing mainly generalist feeders. RDA of individual taxa without a priori guild designation found that taxa in benthic deep-sea communities are defined by their ability to exploit prey species in more than one habitat zone. Benthic fish species were significantly correlated with benthic food groups and parasites that utilize benthic intermediate hosts whereas benthopelagic–pelagic species fed on a higher diversity of prey species and were infected by a larger number of non-host specific parasites. Eigenanalysis and Monte Carlo results showed that parasites and food groups are highly correlated, indicating that parasite community analysis is an effective tool for predicting feeding strategies in Arctic marine environments. It also suggests that in most cases endoparasite infections alone could be used for trophic evaluation in the absence of stomach content data.     

Effect of Mannitol from Laminaria japonica, other Sugar Alcohols, and Marine Alga Polysaccharides on in vitro Hyphal Growth of Gigaspora margarita and Root Colonization of Trifoliate Orange

A compound that stimulated the growth of an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus was isolated from 75% methyl alcohol (MeOH) extracts of a brown alga, Laminaria japonica Areschoug, using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). This compound (Compound 1) was identified as mannitol by HPLC and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Compound 1 and purchased polysaccharides (alginic acid, fucoidan, carrageenan and mannan from marine algae) were tested for in vitro hyphal growth of an AM fungus, Gigaspora margarita Becker and Hall. Compound 1 (50–500 mg L⁻¹) and carrageenan (1000 mg L⁻¹) significantly stimulated the hyphal growth of germinating spores of Gi. margarita. The application of 100 mg L⁻¹ of Compound 1 to trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata Raf.) inoculated with Gi. margarita promoted root colonization and increased plant growth. These results suggest low concentrations of mannitol are among the reasons for enhanced hyphal growth and root colonization by the application of algal extracts. Other sugar alcohols (100–300 mg L⁻¹ of xylitol, sorbitol and meso-erythritol) also increased the hyphal growth of Gi. margarita.