Study of the Antifungal Ability of Bacillus subtilis Strain PY-1 in Vitro and Identification of its Antifungal Substance （Iturin A）

A Bacillus strain,denoted as PY-1,was isolated from the vascular bundle of cotton.Biochemical,physiological and 16S rDNA sequence analysis proved that it should belong to Bacillus subtilis.The PY-1strain showed strong ability against many common plant fungal pathogens in vitro.The antibiotics producedby this strain were stable in neutral and basic conditions,and not sensitive to high temperature.From theculture broth of PY-1 strain,five antifungal compounds were isolated by acidic precipitation,methanolextraction,gel filtration and reverse-phase HPLC.Advanced identification was performed by mass spec-trometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.These five antifungal compounds were proved to bethe isomers of iturin A:A2,A3,A4,A6 and A7.In fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry/mass spec-trometry collision-induced dissociation spectra,fragmentation ions from two prior linear acylium ions wereobserved,and the prior ion,Tyr-Asn-Gln-Pro-Asn-Ser-βAA-Asn-CO~ ,was first reported.     

利用黑曲霉固态发酵啤酒糟生产饲料复合酶的研究

以啤酒糟为主要基质,利用黑曲霉固态发酵生产酸性蛋白酶、木聚糖酶和纤维素酶等多种饲料复合酶,研究了黑曲霉固态发酵培养基组成对复合酶酶活的影响,确定最优培养基配方为:啤酒糟75%,麸皮25%,硫酸铵1%,KH_2PO_4 0.2%,MnSO_4 0.1%、ZnSO_4 0.2%,料水比1:2。在适宜的发酵条件下,经30℃发酵5 d,烘干后得到的复合酶制剂中,具有多种酶活性(以干基计)。其中酸性蛋白酶活力3 800 U/g,木聚糖酶活力12 00 U/g和纤维素酶活力18 U/g。     

Marine macroalgae and their associated microbiomes as a source of antimicrobial chemical diversity

ABSTRACT

This article reviews the role of microbial biofilms in infection, and the antimicrobial chemical diversity of marine macroalgae and their associated microbiomes. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents one of the major health threats faced by humanity over the next few years. To prevent a global epidemic of antimicrobial-resistant infections, the discovery of new antimicrobials and antibiotics, better anti-infection strategies and diagnostics, and changes to our current use of antibiotics have all become of paramount importance. Numerous studies investigating the bioactivities of seaweed extracts as well as their secondary and primary metabolites highlight the vast biochemical diversity of seaweeds, with new modes of action making them ideal sources for the discovery of novel antimicrobial bioactive compounds of pharmaceutical interest. In recent years, researchers have focused on characterizing the endophytic and epiphytic microbiomes of various algal species in an attempt to elucidate host-microbe interactions as well as to understand the function of microbial communities. Although environmental and host-associated factors crucially shape microbial composition, microbial mutualistic and obligate symbionts are often found to play a fundamental role in regulating many aspects of host fitness involving ecophysiology and metabolism. In particular, algal ‘core’ epiphytic bacterial communities play an important role in the protection of surfaces from biofouling, pathogens and grazers through the production of bioactive metabolites. Together, marine macroalgae and their associated microbiomes represent unique biological systems offering great potential for the isolation and identification of novel compounds and strategies to counteract the rise and dissemination of AMR.     

Trait biogeography of marine copepods – an analysis across scales

Functional traits, rather than taxonomic identity, determine the fitness of individuals in their environment: traits of marine organisms are therefore expected to vary across the global ocean as a function of the environment. Here, we quantify such spatial and seasonal variations based on extensive empirical data and present the first global biogeography of key traits (body size, feeding mode, relative offspring size and myelination) for pelagic copepods, the major group of marine zooplankton. We identify strong patterns with latitude, season and between ocean basins that are partially (c. 50%) explained by key environmental drivers. Body size, for example decreases with temperature, confirming the temperature‐size rule, but surprisingly also with productivity, possibly driven by food‐chain length and size‐selective predation. Patterns unrelated to environmental predictors may originate from phylogenetic clustering. Our maps can be used as a test‐bed for trait‐based mechanistic models and to inspire next‐generation biogeochemical models.     

七个中药复方对小鼠止咳化痰作用的对比实验

目的为了筛选出防治猪呼吸道疾病综合征(PRDC)有效的中药复方制剂,对七个具有止咳化痰作用的中药复方制剂进行了对比实验。方法以小鼠为实验动物,用右美沙芬、氯化铵作阳性药,生理盐水作空白对照,采用浓氨水引咳法和气管段酚红分泌法,对七个中药复方制剂的止咳化痰作用进行了观测。结果方7、方5可显著延长小鼠的咳嗽潜伏期(P0.05),减少5 min内的咳嗽次数(P0.05),除方4组外,其他中药组的气管酚红排泌量显著低于对照组(P0.05),并且方7、方5和氯化铵组小鼠的酚红排泌量显著低于其他处理组(P0.05)。结论七个中药复方组中,方5、方7的止咳化痰作用最显著,可在进一步实验研究后,作为PRDC的治疗药物。     

Investigation of seven Vibrio virulence genes among Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains from the coastal mariculture systems in Guangdong, China

AIMS: To investigate the distribution of the virulence of two Vibrio species among different strains obtained from the mariculture systems on the coast of Guangdong in China and the correlation between the virulence strains and the virulence genes among Vibrio alginolyticus. METHODS: Besides three strains, 72 V. alginolyticus strains and seven Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains were examined by PCR or semi-nested PCR for the virulence genes (tlh, trh, tdh, toxR, toxRS, ctxA, VPI). Additionally, the virulence of 18 V. alginolyticus strains was tested. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Virulence genes homologous to those in the V. parahaemolyticus and Vibrio cholerae are widely distributed among V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus in the coastal mariculture systems in Guangdong, China. Some of the V. alginolyticus strains are pathogenic to aquatic animals, and might have derived their virulence genes from V. parahaemolyticus or V. cholerae, representing a possible reservoir of these genes. However, there is no correlation between presence and absence of the virulence genes used to investigate V. alginolyticus and its virulent strains. In this report, we also show that tlh is distributed among V. alginolyticus.     

复方中药对大鼠力竭运动与恢复过程中端脑神经递质含量的影响

目的：探讨复方中药对运动大鼠中枢神经递质含量的影响,进一步认识中药提高运动能力和促进运动性疲劳恢复的作用机理。方法：选8周龄大鼠64只,随机分成服药组和对照组,服药组灌服中药煎剂8周。然后,每组再分成4个亚组分别于不同状态下断头处死,测其中枢递质含量。结果：服药组大鼠力竭运动时间极显著长于对照组（P〈0．01）;安静时,除谷氨酸（GLU）含量服药组极显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）外、其余各指标无组间显著性差异;定量负荷后,服药组5-羟色胺（5-HT）、5-羟吲哚乙酸（5-HIAA）、弘氨基丁酸（GABA）、多巴胺（DA）含量和5-HT／5-HIAA显著低于对照组,GLU、GLU／GABA和DA／5-HT明显高于对照组;力竭即刻,服药组5-HT、GABA含量和5-HT／5-mAA显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）,GLU含量、DA／5-HT和GLU／GABA显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）;恢复12h。服药组5-HT含量和5-HT／5-HIAA极显著低于对照组（P〈0．01）,GLU、DA、GABA含量和DA／5-HT明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论：在大鼠运动至力竭性的过程中,复方中药制剂有明显抑制5-HT、5-HIAA、DA、GABA生成和促进GLU中枢递质合成的作用,其综合效应表现为兴奋性递质相对显著增多,使中枢神经兴奋性增强、明显延长大鼠运动时间和促进中枢疲劳的恢复。     

Natural acidification changes the timing and rate of succession,alters community structure,and increases homogeneity in marine biofouling communities

Ocean acidification may have far‐reaching consequences for marine community and ecosystem dynamics, but its full impacts remain poorly understood due to the difficulty of manipulating pCO₂ at the ecosystem level to mimic realistic fluctuations that occur on a number of different timescales. It is especially unclear how quickly communities at various stages of development respond to intermediate‐scale pCO₂ change and, if high pCO₂ is relieved mid‐succession, whether past acidification effects persist, are reversed by alleviation of pCO₂ stress, or are worsened by departures from prior high pCO₂ conditions to which organisms had acclimatized. Here, we used reciprocal transplant experiments along a shallow water volcanic pCO₂ gradient to assess the importance of the timing and duration of high pCO₂ exposure (i.e., discrete events at different stages of successional development vs. continuous exposure) on patterns of colonization and succession in a benthic fouling community. We show that succession at the acidified site was initially delayed (less community change by 8 weeks) but then caught up over the next 4 weeks. These changes in succession led to homogenization of communities maintained in or transplanted to acidified conditions, and altered community structure in ways that reflected both short‐ and longer‐term acidification history. These community shifts are likely a result of interspecific variability in response to increased pCO₂ and changes in species interactions. High pCO₂ altered biofilm development, allowing serpulids to do best at the acidified site by the end of the experiment, although early (pretransplant) negative effects of pCO₂ on recruitment of these worms were still detectable. The ascidians Diplosoma sp. and Botryllus sp. settled later and were more tolerant to acidification. Overall, transient and persistent acidification‐driven changes in the biofouling community, via both past and more recent exposure, could have important implications for ecosystem function and food web dynamics.     

不同肥料对黄山药根茎产量和薯蓣皂甙元含量的影响

通过对施用硝酸钾肥和复合肥的比较试验,表明硝酸钾肥对促进黄山药(Dioscrea panthaica)地上、地下部分生长,提高次生根茎产量有显著效果.栽培32个月的次生根茎平均生长量达405.9±254.0g/株,产量58.5t/ha,比施用复合肥的增产37.5%和20.5%,比对照增产29.9%和17.9%.施用复合肥的次生根茎平均生长量253.6±148.6g/株,产量46.3t/ha,比对照低10.8%和3.1%.三者的薯蓣皂甙元含量无明显差异.