低钾胁迫对不同基因型水稻苗期根系生长和内源激素含量的影响

以2个耐低钾基因型水稻N18、N19和2个低钾敏感基因型水稻N27、N28为材料,采用溶液培养试验,研究低钾胁迫对其苗期根系生长和内源激素含量的影响。结果表明,低钾胁迫下,水稻根长、地上部干重和根干重均降低,但N18和N19显著高于N27和N28。低钾胁迫使4个基因型水稻的根冠比增大,而各基因型之间差异不显著。低钾胁迫下,水稻根中IAA、GA₁和ZR含量均减少,ABA含量增加;N18、N19根中IAA、GA₁和ZR含量都高于N27、N28。此外,低钾胁迫使水稻根中IAA/ABA、ZR/ABA、GA₁/ABA值降低,但N18、N19的上述比值高于N27、N28。     

Metabolic engineering of rice leading to biosynthesis of glycinebetaine and tolerance to salt and cold

Genetically engineered rice (Oryza sativa L.) with the ability to synthesize glycinebetaine was established by introducing the codA gene for choline oxidase from the soil bacterium Arthrobacter globiformis. Levels of glycinebetaine were as high as 1 and 5 mol per gram fresh weight of leaves in two types of transgenic plant in which choline oxidase was targeted to the chloroplasts (ChlCOD plants) and to the cytosol (CytCOD plants), respectively. Although treatment with 0.15 m NaCl inhibited the growth of both wild-type and transgenic plants, the transgenic plants began to grow again at the normal rate after a significantly less time than the wild-type plants after elimination of the salt stress. Inactivation of photosynthesis, used as a measure of cellular damage, indicated that ChlCOD plants were more tolerant than CytCOD plants to photoinhibition under salt stress and low-temperature stress. These results indicated that the subcellular compartmentalization of the biosynthesis of glycinebetaine was a critical element in the efficient enhancement of tolerance to stress in the engineered plants.     

水稻体细胞杂交研究进展

水稻是世界重要的粮食作物,全世界约有120个国家种植水稻。水稻的近缘或远缘种具有一些优良性状,如抗病、抗虫、抗逆等。将这些性状导入水稻,是科学家们所希望的,但因用普通杂交方法存在交配系统的不亲和性等难题而进展不大。随着组织培养技术的发展,特别是植物原生质体培养技术的日趋成熟,使得人类能够在细胞水平通过体细胞杂交方法实现遗传信息的重组。     

水稻半矮化多分蘖突变体f2-132的表型分析和基因定位

半矮化多分蘖突变体f2-132由60Co-γ辐射诱变粳稻品种F2-285A获得。遗传分析表明该性状受1对隐性基因控制,已将突变基因定位在第4染色体长臂上2个Indel标记C4-Z3和C4-Z4之间,物理距离为46 kb。该区间内包含一个已报道的多分蘖基因D17/HTD1,对f2-132中的D17基因测序发现编码区第395位的碱基由T突变为C,导致第132位的氨基酸由苯丙氨酸变成丝氨酸。D17/HTD1编码类胡萝卜素裂解双加氧酶7(CCD7,carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 7),是植物激素独脚金内酯(SLs,strigolactones)合成途径中的重要酶之一。利用SLs的人工合成类似物GR24处理f2-132,其多分蘖表型受到抑制。     

稻瘟菌无毒基因研究进展

稻瘟菌是引起水稻稻瘟病的病原物。水稻与稻瘟菌间存在广泛而特异的相互作用,是研究寄主与病原物互作的重要模式系统。本文对稻瘟菌与水稻互作最重要的激发子―无毒基因的研究现状进行了概括,讨论了无毒基因的定位、克隆方法以及已克隆无毒基因的功能及进化研究,同时对今后无毒基因研究的重要方向进行了探讨,为深入理解无毒基因的功能及与水稻可能的互作关系奠定了基础。     

水稻细胞质雄性不育系与保持系的呼吸途径比较

比较水稻细胞质雄性不育系珍汕97A及其保持系珍汕97B之幼穗、叶片和花药的呼吸代谢。结果表明：不育系花药的总呼吸速率、抗氰呼吸所占总呼吸比例和细胞色素氧化酶（COD）、苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）和6－磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶（6－PGDH）活性低于保持系;幼穗中则仅6－PGDH低于保持系;叶片间各指标均无差异。Na3PO4可抑制保持系的叶片和幼穗及不育系叶片总呼吸的30％,而仅能抑制不育系幼穗总呼吸的24％;丙二酸则抑制不育系与保持系的叶片和幼穗的总呼吸的70％。     

Mapping quantitative trait loci associated with arsenic accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa)

The quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with arsenic (As) accumulation in rice were mapped using a doubled haploid population established by anther culture of F1 plants from a cross between a Japonica cultivar CJ06 and an Indica cultivar TN1 (Oryza sativa). Four QTLs for arsenic (As) concentrations were detected in the map. At the seedling stage, one QTL was mapped on chromosome 2 for As concentrations in shoots with 24.4% phenotypic variance and one QTL for As concentrations in roots was detected on chromosome 3. At maturity, two QTLs for As concentrations in grains were found on chromosomes 6 and 8, with 26.3 and 35.2% phenotypic variance, respectively. No common loci were detected among these three traits. Interestingly, the QTL on chromosome 8 was found to be colocated for As concentrations in grain at maturity and shoot phosphorus (P) concentrations at seedling stage. These results provide an insight into the genetic basis of As uptake and accumulation in rice, and will be useful in identifying genes associated with As accumulation.     

利用分子标记定位农垦58S的光敏核不育基因

对农垦５８Ｓ（Ｏｒｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａｓｐ．ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ）／大黑矮生标记基因系ＦＬ２组合组建可育集团和不育集团,并以亲本为对照进行了ＲＦＬＰ、ＲＡＰＤ和双引物ＲＡＰＤ分析,结果第１２染色体上的一个单拷贝标记Ｇ２１４０与光敏核不育基因连锁遗传,二者间的遗传图距为１４．１ｃＭ（ｃｅｎｔｉｍｏｒｇａｎ）。在筛选过的１０４０个随机单引物和１９０个双引物中,仅引物ＯＰＡＵ１０扩增出与光敏核不育基因连锁的１．５ｋｂＤＮＡ片段,回收、克隆该ＤＮＡ片段并制备探针,将其转换成共显性的ＲＦＬＰ标记并命名为ＯＰＡＵ１０１５００。分离群体连锁分析表明该标记与标记Ｇ２１４０紧密连锁,将农垦５８Ｓ的一对光敏核不育基因定位于第１２染色体上。     

某些酸类物质对水稻开颖的效应

将稻穗置不同种类、浓度的酸溶液中浸泡后,观察其对颖花开放及颖花活性的影响,发现0．5％～10％的甲酸、乙酸和丙酸均能显著地诱导水稻开颖。当甲酸浓度在0．5％－1．5％、乙酸和丙酸浓度在0．5％－2％的范围内对颖花无不良影响。硝酸、盐酸和硫酸等在一定的浓度下能诱导开颖,但同时又对颖花产生伤害。另外,水杨酸、苹果酸等在适宜的浓度下也能诱导水稻开颖。酸可以促使浆片细胞壁的松弛,加快浆片吸水膨胀。酸诱导开颖的时间约为30s,作用部位为浆片;酸的诱导效应可被呼吸抑制剂NaN3所抑制。     

中国普通野生稻遗传分化的RAPD研究

多数学者已认定亚洲栽培稻（ＯｒｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａＬ．）的祖先是普通野生稻（Ｏ．ｒｕｆｉｐｏｇｏｎ）。然而栽培稻的籼、粳分化是发生在驯化之前还是在驯化之后,也即普通野生稻是否存在籼、粳分化的问题,是十几年来稻作起源研究中争论的热点之一。Ｓｅｃｏｎｄ［１］用多个同工酶位点的分析结果得出结论,普通野生稻在驯化为栽培稻之前就已经发生了籼、粳分化,即有籼型普通野生稻和粳型普通野生稻之分。Ｍｏｒｉｓｈｉｍａ和Ｇａｄｒｉｎａｂ［２］用２４个形态和生理性状及１２个同工酶位点和杂交亲合力等方法证明普通野生稻没有发…