变温和恒温对沙葱萤叶甲发育速率的影响

沙葱萤叶甲为近年来在内蒙古草原猖獗成灾的新害虫,为明确温度对其发育速率的影响,分别设置5个变温组合(8/20℃,11/23℃,14/26℃,17/29℃和20/32℃)和6个恒温(13℃,17℃,21℃,25℃,29℃和33℃),比较了变温和恒温对沙葱萤叶甲幼虫和蛹发育速率的影响。结果表明,不同变温组合和恒温对沙葱萤叶甲幼虫和蛹的发育速率有显著的影响。发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,在变温条件下,1龄幼虫期、2龄幼虫期、3龄幼虫期、总幼虫期和蛹期分别从最低温度组合(8/20℃,平均15℃)的11.00,13.44,23.18,46.42和16.89 d,缩短至最高温度组合(20/32℃,平均27℃)的4.92,4.63,9.17,17.83和5.83 d;在恒温条件下,13℃下幼虫不能发育和存活,1龄幼虫期、2龄幼虫期、3龄幼虫期、总幼虫期和蛹期分别从17℃的14.50,10.75,20.63,45.50和11.00 d,缩短至33℃的6.10,5.47,10.60,22.17和5.33 d。在变温条件下,幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为7.44℃和8.48℃,有效积温分别为344.82日度和113.52日度;在恒温条件下,幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为0.64℃和5.11℃,有效积温分别为714.28日度和147.06日度。变温促进了沙葱萤叶甲幼虫和蛹的发育,本研究结果为沙葱萤叶甲的预测预报及综合防控提供了科学依据。     

一种基于视网膜主血管方向的视盘定位及提取方法

为分割出眼底图像中的视盘,构建基于眼底图像的计算机辅助诊断系统,提出了一种基于视网膜主血管方向的视盘定位及提取方法。首先,利用Otsu阈值分割眼底图像R通道获取视盘候选区域;然后利用彩色眼底图像的HSV空间的H通道提取视网膜主血管并确定主血管方向;在此基础上,通过在方向图内寻找出对加权匹配滤波器响应值最高的点确定视盘中心位置;最后,利用该位置信息从视盘候选区域中"挑选"出真正的视盘。利用该方法对100幅不同颜色、不同亮度的眼底图像进行视盘分割,得到准确率98%,平均每幅图像处理时间1.3 s。结果表明:该方法稳定可靠,能快速、有效分割出眼底图像中的视盘。     

外源性的电磁干预对神经病理性疼痛大鼠的镇痛效果研究

目的:探讨外源性的电磁干预方法对神经病理性疼痛大鼠的镇痛效果。方法:将30只成熟的雄性SD大鼠随机等分成3组:空白对照组(Control),坐骨神经慢性压迫损伤(CCI)组以及坐骨神经慢性压迫损伤协同电磁刺激组(CCI+EMF)。CCI组和CCI+EMF组的20只大鼠建立坐骨神经慢性压迫损伤模型,CCI+EMF组大鼠行外源性的全身性电磁刺激干预(脉冲波形,频率15 Hz,强度30 Gs),每天刺激6小时。在CCI模型构建的第0、3、6、9、12及15天对大鼠测试和比较足底机械痛阈值、足底热痛阈值、运动功能评分和神经传导速率。结果:CCI组大鼠的足底机械痛阈值、足底热痛阈值及感觉神经传导速率从CCI手术后的第3天即出现显著性降低,其6、9、12、15天足底机械痛阈值、足底热痛阈值及感觉神经传导速率均显著低于Control组(P0.01),而运动功能评分均显著高于Control组(P0.05)。CCI+EMF组大鼠的足底机械痛阈值、足底热痛阈值及感觉神经传导速率在第9、12、15天显著高于CCI组大鼠(P0.05),而运动功能评分均显著高于CCI l组。结论:外源性的电磁刺激对于神经病理性疼痛大鼠具有良好的镇痛效果,有望成为一种临床治疗神经病理性疼痛的新的物理治疗手段。     

Extreme drought pushes stream invertebrate communities over functional thresholds

Functional traits are increasingly being used to predict extinction risks and range shifts under long‐term climate change scenarios, but have rarely been used to study vulnerability to extreme climatic events, such as supraseasonal droughts. In streams, drought intensification can cross thresholds of habitat loss, where marginal changes in environmental conditions trigger disproportionate biotic responses. However, these thresholds have been studied only from a structural perspective, and the existence of functional nonlinearity remains unknown. We explored trends in invertebrate community functional traits along a gradient of drought intensity, simulated over 18 months, using mesocosms analogous to lowland headwater streams. We modelled the responses of 16 traits based on a priori predictions of trait filtering by drought, and also examined the responses of trait profile groups (TPGs) identified via hierarchical cluster analysis. As responses to drought intensification were both linear and nonlinear, generalized additive models (GAMs) were chosen to model response curves, with the slopes of fitted splines used to detect functional thresholds during drought. Drought triggered significant responses in 12 (75%) of the a priori‐selected traits. Behavioural traits describing movement (dispersal, locomotion) and diet were sensitive to moderate‐intensity drought, as channels fragmented into isolated pools. By comparison, morphological and physiological traits showed little response until surface water was lost, at which point we observed sudden shifts in body size, respiration mode and thermal tolerance. Responses varied widely among TPGs, ranging from population collapses of non‐aerial dispersers as channels fragmented to irruptions of small, eurythermic dietary generalists upon extreme dewatering. Our study demonstrates for the first time that relatively small changes in drought intensity can trigger disproportionately large functional shifts in stream communities, suggesting that traits‐based approaches could be particularly useful for diagnosing catastrophic ecological responses to global change.     

Valuing urban green spaces in mitigating climate change: A city‐wide estimate of aboveground carbon stored in urban green spaces of China's Capital

Urban green spaces provide manifold environmental benefits and promote human well‐being. Unfortunately, these services are largely undervalued, and the potential of urban areas themselves to mitigate future climate change has received little attention. In this study, we quantified and mapped city‐wide aboveground carbon storage of urban green spaces in China's capital, Beijing, using field survey data of diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree height from 326 field survey plots, combined with satellite‐derived vegetation index at a fine resolution of 6 m. We estimated the total amount of carbon stored in the urban green spaces to be 956.3 Gg (1 Gg = 10⁹ g) in 2014. There existed great spatial heterogeneity in vegetation carbon density varying from 0 to 68.1 Mg C ha^‐1, with an average density of 7.8 Mg C ha^?1. As expected, carbon density tended to decrease with urban development intensity (UDI). Likely being affected by vegetation cover proportion and configuration of green space patches, large differences were presented between the 95th and 5th quantile carbon density for each UDI bin, showing great potential for carbon sequestration. However, the interquartile range of carbon density narrowed drastically when UDI reached 60%, signifying a threshold for greatly reduced carbon sequestration potentials for higher UDI. These findings suggested that urban green spaces have great potential to make contribution to mitigating against future climate change if we plan and design urban green spaces following the trajectory of high carbon density, but we should be aware that such potential will be very limited when the urban development reaches certain intensity threshold.     

Managing the middle: A shift in conservation priorities based on the global human modification gradient

An increasing number of international initiatives aim to reconcile development with conservation. Crucial to successful implementation of these initiatives is a comprehensive understanding of the current ecological condition of landscapes and their spatial distributions. Here, we provide a cumulative measure of human modification of terrestrial lands based on modeling the physical extents of 13 anthropogenic stressors and their estimated impacts using spatially explicit global datasets with a median year of 2016. We quantified the degree of land modification and the amount and spatial configuration of low modified lands (i.e., natural areas relatively free from human alteration) across all ecoregions and biomes. We identified that fewer unmodified lands remain than previously reported and that most of the world is in a state of intermediate modification, with 52% of ecoregions classified as moderately modified. Given that these moderately modified ecoregions fall within critical land use thresholds, we propose that they warrant elevated attention and require proactive spatial planning to maintain biodiversity and ecosystem function before important environmental values are lost.     

我国男子橄榄球运动员有氧能力的评定和比赛时能耗的初探*

目的:探究我国男子橄榄球运动员的有氧能力和比赛时的能量消耗,为精准化训练和比赛时营养策略的制定提供理论依据。方法:以18名男子橄榄球运动员(健将级)为研究对象,分别进行最大摄氧量(VO₂max),乳酸阈(LT)和conconi场地测试来评定其有氧能力,并比较前、后锋之间的供能差异,用wGT3X加速度计结合团队心率探究比赛时的能量消耗,所得数据进行独立样本t检验。结果:本次检测的橄榄球运动员相对最大摄氧量较差为(42.05±3.69) ml/min·kg^-1,前峰队员相对最大摄氧量为(38.83±3.52) ml/min·kg^-1、后锋队员相对最大摄氧量为(47.31±3.17)ml/min·kg^-1,二者之间的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);血乳酸阈测定在7 min时出现血乳酸拐点,后锋的血乳酸阈值要高于前锋运动员;conconi场地测试与实验室VO₂max有较高的相关性(r=0.772)。比赛中平均能量消耗上半场约为(276.94±18.08) kcals,下半场约为(225.58±22.86) kcals,下半场的能耗小于上半场(P＜0.05)。结论:英式7人制橄榄球运动员有氧能力较弱,且前、后锋队员存在差异。     

Comparison of Biomechanical Characteristics during the Second Landing Phase in Female Latin Dancers: Evaluation of the Bounce and Side Chasse Step

Research on dance lower extremity joint motion has been limited. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the lower limb biomechanics differences between the side chasse step (SCS) and the bounce step (BS) of the second landing phase in Jive. Thirteen female recreational Latin dancers (Age: 22 ± 2.5 years; Height: 1.65 ± 0.05 m; Weight: 50 ± 4.5 kg; Dance experience: 4 ± 2 years) were involved in the experiment. The same music was used throughout the data collection period. We intended to determine whether these two steps generate different kinematic and kinetic data. The ankle, hip, and knee joint angle, moment, velocity, and ground reaction force were calculated for each step. Results demonstrated that the lower limb biomechanics of the two different steps showed significant differences. As a result, strengthening the lower limb muscles (gastrocnemius, Tibialis muscle, and quadriceps) is significantly important to balance the joint strength and prevent foot injury. According to the training time reasonably increasing the heel height should be recognized as important. The current study could provide new insights into reducing lower extremity injuries and improving dance performance.     

完全弗氏佐剂诱导大鼠慢性骨盆疼痛综合征炎性痛模型的制备*

目的: 建立大鼠慢性骨盆疼痛综合征(CPPS)炎性痛模型并进行评价,为CPPS炎症引起的慢性骨盆疼痛的外周及中枢机制研究提供可靠的动物模型。方法: 将60只SD雄性大鼠随机分成空白组,假手术组和模型组,每组20只。采用向大鼠前列腺腹侧叶注射完全弗氏佐剂(CFA)的方法制备CPPS炎性痛模型。术后观察大鼠一般情况变化;分别于造模后7 d,14 d,21 d,28 d,35 d测定大鼠足底和阴囊热刺激疼痛阈值;取材后前列腺组织称重计算前列腺指数;显微镜下观察大鼠前列腺组织病理变化并用半定量法评价前列腺组织损伤程度,以评价模型是否成功。结果: 模型成功17只,成模率为85%。与空白组和假手术组比较,造模后大鼠的活动度、毛发光泽度降低,排尿量增加。足底和阴囊热刺激疼痛阈值显著降低并可稳定维持1个月以上(P＜0.01)。前列腺湿重和前列腺指数均显著性提高(P＜0.01)。前列腺组织肉眼可见明显水肿,与周围组织粘连严重;镜下可见腺腔萎缩,间质内大量炎性细胞浸润。结论: 利用向大鼠前列腺腹侧叶注射CFA的方法,可成功复制CPPS炎性痛模型,这将为后续CPPS发病机制的研究,特别是疼痛行为与潜在炎症和神经损伤之间的机制联系提供有价值的工具。     

亚热带苔藓结皮对土壤-微生物-胞外酶化学计量特征的影响

生物结皮的形成和发育显著影响土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)循环及其化学计量特征,土壤微生物如何适应环境资源的化学计量变化仍不明确。本研究以三峡库区苔藓结皮为对象,分析结皮盖度(0、1%～20%、20%～40%、40%～60%、60%～80%和80%～100%)对土壤理化性质(0～5和5～10 cm土层)、微生物生物量和胞外酶活性[(β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、酸性磷酸酶(AP)]的影响,探索土壤-微生物-胞外酶C∶N∶P化学计量特征间的协变性。结果表明: 生物结皮发育显著提高了土壤黏粒、水稳性团聚体和土壤C、N、P含量,显著降低了土壤容重和砂粒含量;微生物生物量C、N、P和胞外酶活性均随结皮盖度的增大而显著增加;土层深度对土壤理化性质及C∶N∶P均无显著影响,但显著影响微生物生物量、胞外酶活性及BG∶AP和NAG∶AP。相关分析显示,土壤C、N、P含量与微生物生物量和胞外酶活性呈显著正相关,与BG∶NAG呈显著负相关,与NAG∶AP呈显著正相关,但与微生物生物量C∶N∶P无显著相关性;土壤-微生物、微生物-胞外酶C∶N∶P相关性均不显著,BG∶NAG∶AP随着微生物与土壤间C∶N∶P化学计量不平衡性的增加而逐渐降低。表明微生物养分代谢同时受N和P的限制,且P的限制较强烈,微生物可以通过调整自身生物量以及胞外酶C∶N∶P适应生物结皮发育驱动的土壤化学计量变化,从而维持内稳态。