Variation in the methods leads to variation in the interpretation of biodiversity–ecosystem multifunctionality relationships

生物多样性常常和生态系统多功能性(生态系统同时提供多个生态系统功能的能力)正相关。然而,生物多样性与生态系统多功能性的关系是否依赖于生态系统功能的数目有诸多争议。其中,生物多样性对生态系统多功能性的影响或许不随生态系统功能数目的变化而变化,或者随生态系统功能数目的增多而增强。我们期望通过研究不同生态系统多功能性指数的统计原理来解决这些争议。 我们使用了模型模拟和一系列来自不同空间尺度(从局域到全球)和不同生物群系(温带和高寒草地、森林和干旱地)的经验数据。我们回顾了量化生态系统多功能性的三种方法,包括平均值法、加和法和阈值法。我们发现随着生态系统功能数目的增加,生物多样性与生态系统多功能性的关系要么不变,要么增强。这些结果可由平均和加和的多功能性指数的统计原理来解释。具体来讲,当利用生态系统功能的平均值计算多功能性指数时,由于多样性对多功能性的效应等于多样性对单个生态系统功能效应的平均值,所以不会随生态系统功能数目的变化而变化。同样的道理,当利用单个生态系统的加和值计算多功能性指数时,多样性的效应会随着生态系统功能数目的增加而增强。我们提出了一个改进的多功能性指数,将平均或加和多功能性指数转化为标准化的多功能性指数, 以便于对不同研究的结果进行比较。此外,我们提出了基于变量数值范围的标准化方法来解决阈值法的数学假象问题(多样性效应随生态系统功能数目的增加而增强)。我们的研究结果表明,量化多功能性指数的方法不同,结果也不同。因此,有必要加深对不同方法数理基础的理解。而标准化的多功能性指数为比较不同研究中的生物多样性与生态系统多功能性的关系提供了有效的方法。     

Body site‐specific genetic effects influence naevus count distribution in women

Body site is highly relevant for melanoma: it affects prognosis and varies according to the patient's sex. The distribution of naevi, a major risk factor for melanoma, at different body sites also varies according to sex in childhood. Using naevus counts at different body sites in 492 unrelated adults from both sexes, we observed that women have an increased number of naevi on the lower limbs compared to men (p = 8.5 × 10^?5), showing that a high naevus count on this site persists from childhood throughout life. Then, using data from 3,232 twins, we observed, in women, the lowest naevus count heritability on the trunk (26%), and the highest on the lower limbs (69%). Finally, we showed that, in 2,864 women, six genomic loci previously associated with both naevus count and melanoma risk (IRF4, DOCK8, MTAP, 9q31.2, KITLG and PLA2G6) have an effect on naevus count that is body site‐specific, but whose effect sizes are predominantly stronger on the lower limbs. Sex‐specific genetic influence on naevus count at different sites may explain differences in site‐specific melanoma incidence as well as prognosis between sexes.     

沙地樟子松人工林土壤理化性质与微生物生物量的动态变化

为揭示不同林龄沙地樟子松人工林土壤理化性质和微生物生物量的动态和相互关系,以毛乌素沙地、科尔沁沙地和呼伦贝尔沙地不同林龄樟子松人工林为对象,分析土壤理化性质、土壤微生物生物量碳和微生物生物量氮变化规律。结果表明:樟子松人工林土壤理化性质随林龄增加在不同沙地中表现不同,毛乌素沙地土壤容重和养分含量明显降低,科尔沁沙地土壤孔隙度和养分含量明显升高,呼伦贝尔沙地土壤养分则呈现先增加后降低趋势。与土壤理化性质变化趋势类似,毛乌素沙地樟子松人工林土壤微生物生物量氮随着林龄的增加而降低,科尔沁沙地土壤微生物生物量氮随着林龄的增加而升高,呼伦贝尔沙地土壤微生物生物量氮随着林龄的增加呈先增加而后降低趋势。影响毛乌素沙地、科尔沁沙地和呼伦贝尔沙地土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的主要因子分别是硝态氮、铵态氮和有机质含量。毛乌素与科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林主要限制因子为土壤氮,而呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松受土壤有机碳限制较强。     

不同类型高寒草地群落结构与生产对施氮的响应及其敏感性

大气氮沉降增加被认为是目前重要的环境问题,会引起生物多样性的丧失和生态系统稳定性的降低。但作为草地改良的管理措施,养分添加被广泛应用于退化草地的恢复。但由于不同类型草地所处气候与群落组成的差异,对氮输入的响应可能不同。通过在藏北高原高寒草甸与高寒草甸草原设定长期氮添加梯度试验(对照, 25, 50, 100, 200 kg N hm~(-2) a~(-1)),来探讨氮输入对生物多样性与生产的影响,并估算不同类型高寒草地的氮饱和阈值。施氮对高寒草甸物种多样性指数无影响,而随着施氮量的提高高寒草甸草原植物物种数和多样性指数均逐渐降低。开始施肥前两年,随着施氮量提高高寒草甸地上生物量呈现逐渐增加趋势,随着施肥时间的延长地上生物量呈现先增加后降低的趋势。在高寒草甸草原随着施氮量提高地上生物量均呈现先增加后降低的趋势。随着施氮量提高,开始施氮前三年高寒草甸禾草植物地上生物量逐渐提高;随着施氮时间的延长,禾草和豆科植物地上生物量呈现先增加后降低的趋势。高寒草甸莎草植物地上生物量由施氮开始时的逐渐增加转变为先增加后降低趋势,最后变为逐渐降低的趋势,这说明施氮不利于莎草植物的生长。施氮只在施肥第四年显著提高杂草植物地上生物量。高寒草甸草原呈现不同的规律,开始施氮前三年随着施氮量提高,禾草植物地上生物量呈现先增加后降低的趋势;随着施氮时间的延长,禾草地上生物量逐渐提高。莎草和杂草植物地上生物量呈现先增加后降低趋势。利用对氮输入响应最敏感的植物功能群禾草生物量估算的高寒草甸和高寒草甸草原的氮饱和阈值分别是109.5、125.8 kg N hm~(-2) a~(-1),这说明高寒草甸氮敏感性显著高于高寒草甸草原。由此可见,未来氮沉降增加会对不同类型高寒草地产生不同的影响,在不同类型高寒草地进行施肥恢复时也应将氮饱和阈值的差异考虑在内。     

汉江中下游浮游植物群落结构及水质评价

南水北调中线工程调水后,汉江中下游水华频发引起社会关注。为掌握调水后汉江中下游浮游植物的群落结构特征,于2017年11月、2018年2月、4月和8月在汉江中下游的8个断面对浮游植物进行了定量调查。调查结果显示:共鉴定浮游植物163种,群落组成以硅藻门(Bacillariophyta)、绿藻门(Chlorophyta)为主,其次是蓝藻门(Cyanophyta)。浮游植物优势种主要为硅藻门的梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)、颗粒直链藻最窄变种(Melosira granulata var.)、变异直链藻(Melosira varians)、颗粒直链藻(Melosira granulata),隐藻门的卵形隐藻(Cryptomonas ovata),蓝藻门的弯曲颤藻(Oscillatoria sp.)和伪鱼腥藻(Pseudoanabaena sp.),且都有较高的优势度。浮游植物密度和生物量的季节变化范围分别为0. 33×106cells/L～1. 82×106cells/L和0. 49 mg/L～7. 38 mg/L。基于Shannon-Weaver多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数以及优势种评价法对汉江中下游的水质进行评价,判断汉江中下游水质整体处于中污状态。     

Determining the appropriate pretreatment procedures and the utility of liver tissue for bulk stable isotope (δ13C and δ15N) studies in sharks

Stable-isotope analysis (SIA) provides a valuable tool to address complex questions pertaining to elasmobranch ecology. Liver, a metabolically active, high turnover tissue (~166 days for 95% turnover), has the potential to reveal novel insights into recent feeding/movement behaviours of this diverse group. To date, limited work has used this tissue, but ecological application of SIA in liver requires consideration of tissue preparation techniques given the potential for high concentrations of urea and lipid that could bias δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values (i.e., result in artificially lower δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values). Here we investigated the effectiveness of (a) deionized water washing (WW) for urea removal from liver tissue and (b) chloroform-methanol for extraction of lipids from this lipid rich tissue. We then (a) established C:N thresholds for deriving ecologically relevant liver isotopic values given complications of removing all lipid and (b) undertook a preliminary comparison of δ¹³C values between tissue pairs (muscle and liver) to test if observed isotopic differences correlated with known movement behaviour. Tests were conducted on four large shark species: the dusky (DUS, Carcharhinus obscurus), sand tiger (RAG, Carcharias taurus), scalloped hammerhead (SCA, Sphyrna lewini) and white shark (GRE, Carcharodon carcharias). There was no significant difference in δ¹⁵N values between lipid-extracted (LE) liver and lipid-extracted/water washed (WW) treatments, however, WW resulted in significant increases in %N, δ¹³C and %C. Following lipid extraction (repeated three times), some samples were still biased by lipids. Our species-specific “C:N thresholds” provide a method to derive ecologically viable isotope data given the complexities of this lipid rich tissue (C:N thresholds of 4.0, 3.6, 4.7 and 3.9 for DUS, RAG, SCA and GRE liver_LEWW tissue, respectively). The preliminary comparison of C:N threshold corrected liver and muscle δ¹³C values corresponded with movement/habitat behaviours for each shark; minor differences in δ¹³C values were observed for known regional movements of DUS and RAG (δ¹³C_Diffs = 0.24 ± 0.99‰ and 0.57 ± 0.38‰, respectively), while SCA and GRE showed greater differences (1.24 ± 0.63‰ and 1.08 ± 0.71‰, respectively) correlated to large-scale movements between temperate/tropical and pelagic/coastal environments. These data provide an approach for the successful application of liver δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values to examine elasmobranch ecology.     

Western Yellow-Billed Cuckoo Nest-Site Selection and Success in Restored and Natural Riparian Forests

The western distinct population segment of yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus; western cuckoo) has been extirpated from most of its former breeding range in the United States because of widespread loss and degradation of riparian cottonwood (Populus spp.)-willow (Salix spp.) forests. Restoration and management of breeding habitat is important to the recovery of this federally threatened species, and identification of high-quality breeding habitat can help improve the success of recovery. In 2005, the Lower Colorado River Multi-Species Conservation Program, a long-term, multi-agency effort, was initiated to maintain and create wildlife habitat within the historical floodplain of the lower Colorado River (LCR) for federally endangered and threatened species, including western cuckoos. We conducted an empirical, multi-scale field investigation from 2008–2012 to identify habitat characteristics selected by nesting western cuckoos along the LCR. Multiple logistic regression models revealed that western cuckoos selected nest sites characterized by increased densities of small, native, early successional trees measuring 8–23 cm diameter at breast height, and lower diurnal temperature compared to available habitat in restoration and natural forests. Nesting cuckoos selected sites with increased percent canopy closure, which was also important for nest success in restoration sites along the LCR. Our results show habitat components selected by nesting western cuckoos in restoration and natural riparian forests and can help guide the creation, enhancement, and management of riparian forests with habitat conditions necessary to promote nesting of western cuckoos. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.     

北京市植物物候对热岛效应的响应

都市的快速发展致使城市热岛效应日渐加剧。城市绿化对缓解热岛效应有一定的作用,但同时其物候也受到了影响。本文基于遥感影像数据,通过对照北京市热岛区与非热岛区、不同热岛强度等级的植物物候差别,研究热岛效应对植物物候的影响。采用Landsat 8影像对北京市地表温度进行反演,结合空间分析进行热岛效应分区分级识别;通过MOD13A1的归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据,采用Dallimer平均值法和动态阈值法提取植被生长季始期(SOG)、生长季末期(EOG)、生长季长度(LOG)等重要植被物候参数,研究植被物候在热岛区与非热岛区、不同热岛强度等级之间的差异。结果表明:北京市夏季与冬季相比,热岛效应更为显著;利用Dallimer平均值法提取的北京市热岛区SOG比非热岛区提前4 d,EOG延迟9 d,LOG延长13 d;利用动态阈值法提取的SOG提早10 d,EOG推迟4d,LOG延长14 d,动态阈值法提取的物候信息与观测的物候信息更为接近;随着热岛强度等级提高,SOG提前,EOG推迟,LOG延长。本研究丰富了我国华北地区植被物候对热岛效应的响应机制,同时对研究全球变暖对生态系统的影响具有一定价值。     

Effects of temperature on the development and reproduction of sugarcane top borer Scirpophaga excerptalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

To determine the effects of temperature on the development and reproduction of top borer Scirpophaga excerptalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), the durations of different developmental stages and reproductive capacity of S. excerptalis were measured at 20, 23, 26, 29 and 32℃. The results showed that the average durations of various developmental stages of S. excerptalis shortened with increasing temperatures from 20 to 32℃. The durations to complete one life cycle were 113.17 days at 20℃, and 39.50 days at 32℃. The developmental rate of each stage and generation was positively correlated with the temperature, which was consistent with the Logistic regression model. The temperature thresholds for egg, larval, pupal and preoviposition stages and the total cycle were 13.73, 14.73, 13.91, 13.66 and 14.10℃, respectively. The effective accumulative temperature was 112.62, 370.01, 188.17, 23.82 and 718.07 degree-days (DD), respectively. The adult longevity shortened with increasing temperatures, and the highest number of eggs laid per female was 204.74 eggs at 29℃. The survival rates of eggs, larvae and the whole generation were the highest at 26℃, which were 87.25%, 56.67% and 37.21%, respectively while the highest survival rate of the pupa was 76.69% at 29℃. There was no significant difference for the total cycle at 23-29℃. The results indicated that temperature was the key factor affecting the development and reproduction of S. excerptalis, and the optimum temperature for development and reproduction ranged from 23 to 29℃.