越桔两种蛀干害虫的发生与防治

咖啡豹蠹蛾Zeuzera coffeae Nietner和樟泥色天牛Uraecha angusta(Pascoe)是江苏地区的美国兔眼越桔上2种主要蛀干害虫。前者在枝干中向顶端方向蛀食,排出圆粒状虫粪;后者向植株基部方向蛀食,排出粉末状虫粪,均造成枝干枯死。咖啡豹蠹蛾发生量较大,是主要虫种。防治这2种蛀干害虫,应采用保护利用天敌、改善果园生态环境、促使树体健壮生长等综合管理措施。     

Evaluating a diverse panel of biocontrol agents against infection of blueberry flowers by Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi

Seven microorganisms were evaluated for their biocontrol potential against Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi which causes mummy berry disease through gynoecial (stigma-style-ovary) infection of blueberry flowers: the bacteria Bacillus subtilis QRD137, B. mojavensis RRC101, B. mycoides 7IIC4, and Pantoea agglomerans C9-1S; the yeast Wickerhamiella australiensis Y-27360; and the filamentous fungi Trichoderma harzianum KRL-AG2 and Gliocladium roseum H47. The epiphytic fitness of each organism was investigated by evaluating population dynamics or fungal growth on the stigmas of detached blueberry flowers, and such flowers, co-inoculated with M. vaccinii-corymbosi, were used to determine efficacy in reducing pathogen infection of the style. In addition, all organisms were tested in vitro for antibiosis using dual cultures and for nutrient competition (niche overlap) using Biolog microplates. The most promising antagonists were P. agglomerans, which exhibited high epiphytic fitness on the stigma and consistently reduced stylar infection by the pathogen; B. subtilis, which showed strong antibiotic activity in vitro and considerably reduced pathogen ingress into styles, but whose limited epiphytic fitness decreases its potential for field-use; and G. roseum, which exhibited complete niche overlap with the pathogen in vitro but produced more variable results in reducing stylar infection. Future work should evaluate combinations of these antagonists to determine whether there are additive effects and whether the variability inherent in biocontrol can be reduced.     

Egg loads and egg masses: Parasitism ofChoristoneura rosaceana eggs by Trichogramma minutum after inundativerelease in a commercial blueberry field

Inundative releases of Trichogramma minutum Riley were made in a commercialblueberry field in British Columbia, Canada, todetermine the extent of dispersal of adult wasps, andto determine whether complete parasitism of eggswithin egg masses of the target host [oblique-bandedleafroller (OBLR), Choristoneura rosaceana(Harris)] occurred. Three weekly releases of waspswere made from a single release point in the center ofeach field during the flight of first generation OBLRadults. Sticky trap, sentinel egg mass andtarget-host egg mass data all indicated only a limitedrange of dispersal of T. minutum within thefield. In addition, only partial parasitism of eggmasses of the target host occurred even in closeproximity to the release point. We discuss theimportance of determining the response of Trichogramma females to previously-parasitized eggswhen using Trichogramma wasps for biologicalcontrol of lepidopterous species that oviposit largeegg masses.     

Novel hosts can incur fitness costs to a frugivorous insect pest

In phytophagous insects, adult attraction and oviposition preference for a host plant are often positively correlated with their immature fitness; however, little is known how this preference–performance relationship changes within insect populations utilizing different host plants. Here, we investigated differences in the preference and performance of two populations of a native North American frugivorous insect pest, the plum curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar)—one that utilizes peaches and another that utilizes blueberries as hosts—in the Mid‐Atlantic United States. We collected C. nenuphar adult populations from peach and blueberry farms and found that they exhibited a clear preference for the odors of, as well as an ovipositional preference for, the hosts they were collected from, laying 67%–83% of their eggs in their respective collected hosts. To measure C. nenuphar larval performance, a fitness index was calculated using data on larval weights, development, and survival rate from egg to 4th instars when reared on the parent''s collected and novel hosts. Larvae of C. nenuphar adults collected from peach had high fitness on peach but low fitness when reared on blueberry. In contrast, larvae from C. nenuphar adults collected in blueberry had high fitness regardless of the host on which they were reared. In this study, we show that utilizing a novel host such as blueberry incurs a fitness cost for C. nenuphar from peaches, but this cost was not observed for C. nenuphar from blueberries, indicating that the preference–performance relationship is present in the case of insects reared on peach, but insects reared on blueberry were more flexible and able to utilize either host, despite preferring blueberry.     

Genetic Differentiation in Anthocyanin Content among Berry Fruits

Anthocyanins are widely distributed secondary metabolites that play an essential role in skin pigmentation of many plant organs and microorganisms. Anthocyanins have been associated with a wide range of biological and pharmacological properties. They are also effective agents in the prevention and treatment of many chronic diseases. Berries are particularly abundant in these compounds; therefore, their dietary intake has health-promoting effects. The aim of this study was to identify and determine the anthocyanin content in selected species and cultivars of berry fruits, such as raspberry, blackberry, red currant, blackcurrant, and highbush blueberry, widely consumed by Europeans. The concentrations of anthocyanins were determined by HPLC, identifying individual compounds: cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside, delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside, cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, delphinidin-3-O-galactoside, cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, and malvidin-3-O-galactoside. The experimental data showed that the selected species and cultivars of berry fruits differ significantly in the contents of anthocyanins. Among all species tested, blackberry and blackcurrant were characterized significantly by the highest content of anthocyanins (sum), while the lowest content was found in red currant fruits. Additionally, the content of individual anthocyanin compounds in particular species and cultivars was also different. Considering the high content of anthocyanins and their potential positive impact on human health and protection against disease, berries should be part of healthy nutrition.     

Induction of Precocious Metamorphosis by 1,5-Disubstituted Imidazoles with a Non-terpene Chain

The effects of blueberry leaf (BBL) on lipid metabolism were studied in obese rats. Feeding of BBL lowered levels of serum lipids and C-reactive protein and alleviated hepatic triglyceride accumulation in the rats. The hypolipidemic effect might be attributable to a reduction of lipogenesis and enhancement of lipolysis in the liver. These results suggest the use of blueberry leaf as a dietary hypolipidemic component.     

南高丛蓝莓‘奥尼尔'工厂化组培快繁技术研究

为了建立南高丛蓝莓‘奥尼尔’工厂化组培快繁技术体系,该文以带腋芽的茎段为外植体,研究外植体灭菌、丛生芽诱导、丛生芽增殖培养、瓶内生根以及移栽驯化。结果表明：（1）外植体最佳灭菌方法为10%NaClO处理15 min,污染率降低至14.44%,诱导率达49.38%;同样添加1.5 mg·L^-1ZT,以WPM为基础培养基诱导出的丛生芽明显多于MS。（2）丛生芽增殖的最佳培养基为WPM+NAA 0.1 mg·L^-1 +ZT 1.5 mg·L^-1 ,接种60 d后增殖系数达8.6,长势良好;瓶内生根的最佳处理方式为先用500 mg·L^-1 IBA浸蘸20 s,然后接种于WPM+IBA 0.2 mg·L^-1的生根培养基中,培养90 d后,生根率、有效生根率、生根数量和根长分别达到96.3%、96.3%、12.7条和43.3 mm,且根系较发达、粗壮。（3）生根苗在移栽基质Ⅰ（河沙∶蛭石∶珍珠岩=1∶1∶1）的移栽成活率最高,达92.22%。以上说明,外植体经10%NaClO处理15 mi...     

The effects of pruning,fertilizers, and organic amendments on lowbush blueberry production

A four-year field study was conducted on a Hebert gravelly sandy loam (pH 4.5) in Nova Scotia to assess the effects of pruning management and seven fertility amendments on lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium augustifolium Ait) production (yield, above ground and root tissue composition) and soil fertility. Pruning by oil burning produced higher fruit yields than flail mowing but burning had the opposite effect on the plant N content (with a lesser influence on above ground Mn and Zn). None of the fertility treatments (chicken manure, dairy manure, swine manure, urea, sawdust, NPK, NPK+S+Lime+Micronutrients) produced fruit yields significantly greater than the control. Treatments provided the equivalent of 50kg total N/ha/2-yr cycle. Treatments influenced tissue N, P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Mn, Cu, Zn and Mo levels. In general, the three manure treatments produced the highest levels of plant macronutrients; the urea treatment produced the lowest levels of plant nutrients. In most cases, extractable levels of soil P, K, Ca and Mg were highly correlated with the plant tissue content of these elements. Overall, the dairy manure treated soils were the highest in soil fertility.     

Nest‐to‐nest dispersal of Chaetodactylus krombeini (Acari,Chaetodactylidae) associated with Osmia cornifrons (Hym., Megachilidae)

A cleptoparasitic mite, the Krombein’s hairy‐footed mite, Chaetodactylus krombeini Baker (Acari, Chaetodactylidae) became a key pest that affects the maintenance and propagation of Osmia spp. (Hym., Megachilidae), thus disrupting orchard pollination in the United States. Although hypopi, the dispersal stages of C. krombeini, are known to disperse from nest to nest by hitchhiking on Osmia cornifrons adults, we observed that they might disperse in other ways too in commercial orchards. This study was conducted to elucidate the nest‐to‐nest dispersal mechanisms of C. krombeini hypopi. We tested three potential dispersal mechanisms of C. krombeini other than phoresy by O. cornifrons: (1) dispersal by walking from nest to entrances of nearby nests, (2) dispersal by walking from nest to nest through emergence holes made by parasitic wasps on nests, and (3) dispersal by being unloaded and uptaken to and from flowers by O. cornifrons. Results of this study showed that C. krombeini hypopi could disperse from a nest to nearby nests by walking through nest entrances and holes made by parasitic wasps of O. cornifrons. Although 0.06% of C. krombeini hypopi on blueberry flowers were picked up by O. cornifrons, they were not able to be unloaded to flowers from O. cornifrons and no hypopi could inhabit or survive on blueberry flowers. This indicated no or very low chance of C. krombeini hypopi dispersal via blueberry flowers. Based on our findings of C. krombeini dispersal ecology, development of C. krombeini control strategies are discussed in this article.