短时低温对马铃薯甲虫种群增长的影响

[目的]马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata是我国重要的检疫性害虫,对茄科植物危害严重.本研究旨在明确出现倒春寒短时低温对马铃薯甲虫种群增长的影响.[方法]马铃薯甲虫卵在8℃下分别处理1,3和5d,以27℃下饲养的卵作为对照,调查卵孵化率及孵化后幼虫的生长发育和成虫繁殖情况,用种群参数评估短时低...     

南亚热带演替群落的边缘效应及其对森林片断化恢复的意义

通过对鼎湖山两个群落及其边缘群落的长期定位研究,探讨南亚热带演替群落的边缘效应与森林片断化恢复,通过１６ａ的定位研究,从测度群落的物种结构,多样性,生物量与生产力等指标的比较表明,马尾松林群落和混交林群落本身经过１６ａ的演变,虽然有所发展,但变化不大,群落性质没有改变;边缘群落原非常接近马尾松林群落,经过６ａ的演变,已经发展成为混交林群落,说明边缘效应的作用。边缘群落总体的边缘效应强度Ｅ值为１．６     

低温下抗氧化酶活性与冬油菜根细胞结冰关系的初步研究

以4个抗寒性不同的油菜品种的根为材料,于低温试验箱内连续降温处理(4℃/24 h,0℃/24 h,-3℃/24 h,-6℃/24 h,-9℃/24 h,-15℃/24 h,-21℃/24 h),检测其抗氧化酶(POD、CAT)活性,并结合POD同工酶电泳和冷冻前后幼苗的形态变化特征,探讨油菜根部抗氧化酶活性变化与细胞冰冻状态间的相关性以及油菜根的抗冻机理.结果显示:(1)弱抗寒性油菜品种(‘临油7号’和Vision)在低温冷冻后,叶面出现大量水渍,之后叶片萎缩直至焦枯,根部出现水渍后软化直至干枯死亡;强抗寒性品种(‘陇油6号’和‘陇油8号’)在冷冻后不产生水渍或水渍极少,其根在冻后损伤也较轻微.(2)在连续冷冻条件下,弱抗寒性油菜根部POD和CAT活性在降温初期有较大幅度的变化,之后就保持恒定,说明根部细胞已完全结冰;而强抗寒性油菜根部POD和CAT活性在降温初期变化较小,后期持续大幅增加,表明根部细胞仍保持溶液状态;POD同工酶分析也反映出类似的变化规律.研究表明,低温下冬油菜根部抗氧化酶活性变化和细胞冰冻状态之间存在相关性;细胞结冰通常会给植物造成致死性伤害,强抗寒油菜品种能安全越冬的关键就是能通过某种机制避免细胞内结冰,其结冰温度越低,抗寒性越强.     

光强在低温弱光胁迫后番茄叶片光合作用恢复中的作用

为了研究光强在低温弱光胁迫后番茄叶片光合作用恢复中的作用,以番茄品种浙粉202为材料,研究了低温弱光后恢复期全光照与遮荫对光合作用和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明：低温弱光（8℃/12℃,PFD 80 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）导致番茄叶片P_n、Φ_PSⅡ、qP和F_v′/F_m′的下降,但诱导了NPQ的上升,未引起F_v/F_m的变化;全光照（100%光照）下恢复1 使得植株叶片P_n、F_v/F_m、Φ_PSⅡ、qP、NPQ和F_v′/F_m′均大幅下降,随后光合和荧光参数可缓慢恢复至对照水平;遮荫（40%光照）恢复植株F_v/F_m、Φ_PSⅡ和F_v′/F_m′仅在第一天稍有下降,而P_n和qP还略有上升,NPQ虽有所降低但仍显著高于对照水平,随后光合和荧光参数均可迅速恢复到对照水平。说明低温弱光虽抑制了光合作用的进行,但并未引起光抑制的发生;全光照恢复加剧了叶片光抑制的发生,而遮荫恢复可通过叶片PSⅡ光化学活性的快速恢复和天线色素热耗散能力的增强以保护光合机构免受伤害,有利于光合作用的迅速恢复。     

Short-term cold storage of blowfly Lucilia sericata embryos

The developmental rate under low temperatures and cold tolerance were investigated in embryos of the blowfly Lucilia sericata. The larvae of this species are now widely used in maggot debridement therapy. Embryonic development was dependent on temperature, with a lower developmental threshold of 9.0 °C. The duration of the egg stage at a rearing temperature of 25 °C was 14 h, and a low temperature of 12.5 °C successfully prolonged this period to 66 h. Embryonic stages differed markedly in their cold tolerance; young embryos were less tolerant to cold than old ones. Late embryonic stages are suitable for cold storage at 5 °C and the storage for 72 h did not decrease the hatching rate by more than 50%. In the mass‐rearing process required for maggot debridement therapy, either of these two simple protocols would be beneficial.     

RUBISCO ADAPTATION TO LOW TEMPERATURES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY IN PSYCHROPHILIC AND MESOPHILIC UNICELLULAR ALGAE

Some properties of the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RUBISCO) from two psychrophilic Chloromonas species have been investigated in relation to their adaptation to cold environments. Contrary to the situation usually encountered with psychrophilic enzymes, the carboxylase activity of both purified "cold" RUBISCO enzymes was lower at low temperatures than that found with the enzyme of the mesophilic alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dangeard. Moreover, the apparent optimal temperature for RUBISCO carboxylase activity was similar for psychrophilic and mesophilic enzymes. Psychrophilic RUBISCOs, however, showed a greater thermosensitivity than the C. reinhardtii enzyme. Genes encoding small and large subunits of RUBISCO from one psychrophilic isolate were sequenced. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences to those of higher plants and green algae revealed the substitution of a very highly conserved residue (cysteine₂₄₇ → serine in the large subunit) that could be responsible, at least in part, for the increased thermosensitivity of the "cold" enzyme. Interestingly, the relative amount of RUBISCO subunits found in the psychrophilic isolates was about twice as high as the amount observed in C. reinhardtii and five other mesophilic algae. The high production of a key enzyme to counterbalance its poor catalytic efficiency at low temperature could constitute a novel type of adaptive mechanism to cold environments.     

Senescence in oat leaf segments under hypobaric conditions

The physiological effects of storing plants under hypobaric conditions were studied using oat ( Avena sativa L. cv. Victory) leaf segments as a test system. The segments from seven day old plants were floated on water and stored in darkness at 12°C, 1.6 kPa or at 25°C, 6 kPa. Low temperature or hypobaric conditions delayed senescence, whereas the combination arrested the syndrome at an early stage. One of the effects of low pressure was to force the stomata open. The hormones abscisic acid and kinetin, which affect the stomatal aperture and also senescence, did not show any effect in hypobarically stored plant material. The stomata were forced open in darkness when the pressure was lower than 77 kPa and opening time was 8 h. The senescence syndrome in hypobarically stored segments developed similar to those treated with kinetin at 101 kPa.