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101.
利用分离的叶绿体作实验材料,发现华山松(Pinus armandi Franch.)南方种源的4阶导数吸收光谱在680nm处峰值较大,在670nm处峰值较小,而北方种源中出现了在680nm处峰值较在670nm峰值小的类群,推断北方种群反应中心活力有下降趋势。南、北种源之间的低温(77K)荧光发射光谱有明显差异,PSⅠ、PSⅡ发射峰位置出现地理变动。低温荧光激发光谱分析表明,地理变异主要发生在叶绿素a的分子状态上。研究还表明,完整的针叶因为有角质层、松脂等物质干扰,检测不出光谱的差异,不是理想的实验材料。 相似文献
102.
103.
We document the phylogenetic behavior of the 18S rRNA molecule in 67 taxa from 28 metazoan phyla and assess the effects of
among-site rate variation on reconstructing phylogenies of the animal kingdom. This empirical assessment was undertaken to
clarify further the limits of resolution of the 18S rRNA gene as a phylogenetic marker and to address the question of whether
18S rRNA phylogenies can be used as a source of evidence to infer the reality of a Cambrian explosion. A notable degree of
among-site rate variation exists between different regions of the 18S rRNA molecule, as well as within all classes of secondary
structure. There is a significant negative correlation between inferred number of nucleotide substitutions and phylogenetic
information, as well as with the degree of substitutional saturation within the molecule. Base compositional differences both
within and between taxa exist and, in certain lineages, may be associated with long branches and phylogenetic position. Importantly,
excluding sites with different degrees of nucleotide substitution significantly influences the topology and degree of resolution
of maximum-parsimony phylogenies as well as neighbor-joining phylogenies (corrected and uncorrected for among-site rate variation)
reconstructed at the metazoan scale. Together, these data indicate that the 18S rRNA molecule is an unsuitable candidate for
reconstructing the evolutionary history of all metazoan phyla, and that the polytomies, i.e., unresolved nodes within 18S
rRNA phylogenies, cannot be used as a single or reliable source of evidence to support the hypothesis of a Cambrian explosion.
Received: 9 December 1997 / Accepted: 23 March 1998 相似文献
104.
Cu and Zn concentrations were determined for three talitrid amphipods, Orchestia gammarellus (Pallas), O. mediterranea Costa and Talitrus saltator (Montagu), collected at two-monthly intervals in 1987 from sites on Great Cumbrae Island, Firth of Clyde, Scotland. To account for size effects, log transformed Cu and Zn concentrations were regressed against log dry weight for each bimonthly sample of each species, and compared by analysis of covariance. Copper concentrations in O. gammarellus were significantly raised in March 1987, and lowered in November 1987. Copper concentrations in O. mediterranea and T. saltator were significantly lowered in November 1987. Cu concentrations differed interspecifically in the order O. gammarellus > O. mediterranea > T. saltator. There was no significant intraspecific seasonal variation in zinc concentration in any of the three species. Zn concentrations differed interspecifically in the order T. saltator > O. gammarellus > O. mediterranea. 相似文献
105.
Urbanization and its physical and chemical effects on aquatic environments influence invertebrate communities negatively. Yet, it is not clear how urbanization affects inter-annual variation of invertebrate assemblages in streams. We 1) evaluated urbanization effects on the ecological conditions (biotic and abiotic) of streams in Manaus and 2) analyzed invertebrate community variation over time (between 2003 and 2010). Data on abiotic variables and invertebrates from 2003 were obtained from a previous study. In 2010 we sampled abiotic variables and invertebrate communities in the same low-order urban streams sampled in 2003 (n = 40). We recorded high values of total nitrogen, total phosphorous, deforestation, total impervious area (TIA), water temperature, pH, and electrical conductivity in the most urbanized streams, as compared to the least-impacted ones. In contrast, the least-impacted streams had high dissolved oxygen concentrations. Water quality was poorer in 2010 than in 2003: oxygen concentration was lower and total nitrogen, total phosphorous, deforestation, and TIA significantly higher in 2010. We recorded higher inter-annual variation of abiotic variables in the most-impacted streams as compared to the least-impacted streams. EPT (%, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera) and richness metrics decreased with urbanization. On the other hand, % OP (percent of Oligochaeta and Psychodidae) increased with urbanization. Observed and EPT richness and% OP increased between 2003 and 2010. On the other hand, rarefied richness decreased between years. Increases of observed and EPT richness between 2003 and 2010 were related to low inter-annual variability in streams conditions; however, differences of% OP and rarefied richness were not related to inter-annual variability in environmental conditions. The degree of urbanization did not explain the magnitude of the within-stream difference of invertebrate communities between 2003 and 2010. The increased effects of urbanization represented by the abiotic variables sampled and the reduction of invertebrate richness and increased dominance of tolerant taxa indicate that public policy is not enough to protect or mitigate human impacts on the urban water systems under study. 相似文献
106.
107.
Alfredo Saldaña Christopher H. Lusk Wilfredo L. Gonzáles Ernesto Gianoli 《Evolutionary ecology》2007,21(5):651-662
Unlike other species of the genus Blechnum, the fern Blechnum chilense occurs in a wide range of habitats in Chilean temperate rainforest, from shaded forest understories to abandoned clearings
and large gaps. We asked if contrasting light environments can exert differential selection on ecophysiological traits of
B. chilense. We measured phenotypic selection on functional traits related to carbon gain: photosynthetic capacity (A
max), dark respiration rate (R
d), water use efficiency (WUE), leaf size and leaf thickness in populations growing in gaps and understorey environments. We
assessed survival until reproductive stage and fecundity (sporangia production) as fitness components. In order to determine
the potential evolutionary response of traits under selection, we estimated the genetic variation of these traits from clonally
propagated individuals in common garden experiments. In gaps, survival of B. chilense was positively correlated with WUE and negatively correlated with leaf size. In contrast, survival in shaded understories
was positively correlated with leaf size. We found positive directional fecundity selection on WUE in gaps population. In
understories, ferns of lower R
d and greater leaf size showed greater fecundity. Thus, whereas control of water loss was optimized in gaps, light capture
and net carbon balance were optimized in shaded understories. We found a significant genetic component of variation in WUE,
R
d and leaf size. This study shows the potential for evolutionary responses to heterogeneous light environments in functional
traits of B. chilense, a unique fern species able to occupy a broad successional niche in Chilean temperate rainforest. 相似文献
108.
James Richardson Alexander C. Lees Eliot T. Miller Stuart J. Marsden 《Ecology letters》2023,26(8):1301-1313
Understanding the composition of urban wildlife communities is crucial to promote biodiversity, ecosystem function and links between nature and people. Using crowdsourced data from over five million eBird checklists, we examined the influence of urban characteristics on avian richness and function at 8443 sites within and across 137 global cities. Under half of the species from regional pools were recorded in cities, and we found a significant phylogenetic signal for urban tolerance. Site-level avian richness was positively influenced by the extent of open forest, cultivation and wetlands and avian functional diversity by wetlands. Functional diversity co-declined with richness, but groups including granivores and aquatic birds occurred even at species-poor sites. Cities in arid areas held a higher percentage of regional species richness. Our results indicate commonalities in the influence of habitat on richness and function, as well as lower niche availability, and phylogenetic diversity across the world's cities. 相似文献
109.
P. Guitián 《Plant Systematics and Evolution》2006,258(3-4):137-146
In the protogynous species H. foetidus, I investigated if investment in sexual structures and seed set shows any trend with position in the flower-opening sequence.
In four-flower inflorescences, stamen number decreased with flower position i.e. was highest for the earliest flower and lowest
for the latest flower. Ovule number was significantly higher in the latest flower. Stamen and ovule number did not covary,
indicating that there is no structural gender trade-off in this species. Seed set (i.e. percentage of ovules producing seed)
did not differ between control plants and pollen-supplemented plants and the effect of pollen supplementation did not vary
among positions. Seed set showed marginally significant differences between control plants and simulated-herbivory plants,
but the effects of this treatment varied significantly among positions. Significant among-position variation in seed set was
observed in the control plants but not the simulated-herbivory plants. Seed set of latest-opening flowers of simulated-herbivory
plants was significantly higher than that of latest-opening flowers of control plants. H. foetidus support Brunet and Charlesworth's (1995) prediction that in plants with protogynous flowers, later-opening flowers should
specialize as female flowers, at least under conditions of high resource availability. 相似文献
110.
《遗传学报》2020,47(7):349-359
Mutations in the human mitochondrial genome have been observed in all types of human cancer, indicating that mutations might contribute to tumorigenesis, metastasis, recurrence, or drug response. This possibility is appealing because of the known shift from oxidative metabolism to glycolysis, known as the Warburg effect, that occurs in malignancy. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations could either be maternally inherited and predispose to cancer (germ line mutations) or occur sporadically in the mtDNA of specific tissues (tissue- or tumor-specific somatic mutations) and contribute to the tumor initiation and progression process. High-throughput sequencing technologies now enable comprehensive detection of mtDNA variation in tissues and bodily fluids, with the potential to be used as an early detection tool that may impact the treatment of cancer. Here, we discuss insights into the roles of mtDNA mutations in carcinogenesis, highlighting the complexities involved in the analysis and interpretation of mitochondrial genomic content, technical challenges in studying their contribution to pathogenesis, and the value of mtDNA mutations in developing early detection, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic strategies for cancer. 相似文献