柽柳科（Tamaricaceae）植物的研究历史

柽柳科（Tamaricaceae)是一个古老的科,起源于第三纪,包括亚洲中部的内的“古地中海”沿岸地区,该科植物主要为旱生植物,其中大多数种是防风、固沙造林和水土保持的优良树种,对改造沙漠和改善气候条件具有重要的生态意义。同时,该科植物在荒漠地区还具有广泛的经济用途。     

Long-term effects of chromium,grape seed extract,and zinc on various metabolic parameters of rats

Progressive insulin resistance may contribute to both enhanced glycosylation of proteins and nucleic acids and augmented free radical damage commonly associated with aging. Accordingly, ingestion of chromium and antioxidants which improve insulin sensitivity and/or lessen free radical formation could theoretically ameliorate these basic disorders and lessen signs and symptoms of chronic age-related disorders. However, this supposition is based primarily upon acute rather than chronic data. Therefore, we divided 104 F344/BN rats into 2 groups: a control group receiving a basic diet and a test group receiving the same diet with added chromium polynicotinate (5 ppm), zinc monomethionine (18 ppm elemental zinc), and a grape seed extract high in flavonoids (250 ppm). Initial mean systolic blood pressures (SBP) of both control and test groups were 122 mm Hg. Over the first 7 months, the SBP of the control animals steadily increased to 140 mm Hg and remained at this level for the next 7–8 months. In contrast, the SBP of the test animals initially decreased over the first 4 months to as low as 110–114 mm Hg. The SBP then increased over the following months, essentially reaching the starting value of 120 mm Hg. This was still significantly lower than control (p < 0.001). In 12 control and 12 test rats, hepatic TBARS formation, an estimate of lipid peroxidation/free radical formation, was significantly lower after 1 year ingesting the test diet (p < 0.04); and HbA1C was also statistically significantly lower in the test group (5.4 vs. 4.8%, p < 0.003). Circulating levels of cholesterol, HDL, and triglycerides were similar between the two groups. Body, kidney, and liver weights were not different after 1 year ingesting the different diets; but epididymal fat pad weight was less in the group receiving supplements. We conclude that after prolonged supplementation a combination of agents known to sensitize insulin response and act as antioxidants (chromium polynicotinate, grape seed extract, and zinc monomethionine) can markedly lower SBP in normotensive rats, lessen oxidative damage to fats as suggested by decreased TBARS formation, and lower HbA1C without showing signs of toxicity.     

Long-term changes of planktonic rotifers in a subtropical Chinese lake dominated by filter-feeding fishes

1. The long-term changes (1956–1998) in density and species composition of planktonic rotifers were studied at two sampling stations (I, II) of Lake Donghu, a shallow eutrophic Chinese Lake densely stocked with filter-feeding fishes. Annual average densities of rotifers increased with an increase in fish yield and eutrophication, whilst species number decreased from 82 in 1962–1963 to 62 in 1994–1998.
2. During 1962–98, some species such as Anuraeopsis fissa , Polyarthra spp. (including P. dolichoptera & P. vulgaris ) , Trichocerca pusilla and Synchaeta oblonga increased their percentage in abundance remarkably, whilst the proportion of Keratella cochlearis decreased at two relatively eutrophic stations from 19 to 4.2% at Station I and from 30 to 3.2% at Station II.
3. The high r _max of A. fissa probably made it more successful than other rotifers under high predation pressure by planktivorous fish. The decrease in the K. cochlearis population might be attributed partly to predation by Cyclops vicinus .
4. Small rotifers were less vulnerable to fish predation than large-sized cladocerans. Decreases in cladocerans coincided with increases in rotifers, suggesting that the indirect effect of fish predation on cladocerans might have partly contributed to the population development of rotifers in Lake Donghu during recent decades.
5. We also conducted surveys (1994–1998) of seasonal dynamics of rotifers at four sampling stations (I–IV) which have varied in trophic status after fragmentation of the lake in the 1960s. A total of 75 species were identified at the four stations. Both densities and biomass of rotifers were considerably higher in the two more eutrophic stations than in the two less eutrophic stations. This indicates that the population increase of rotifers at Stations I and II during recent decades might be partly attributed to eutrophication of the lake water.     

伊维菌素搽剂的毒理学研究

目的　研究放线菌属产生的阿凡曼菌素 Ｂ１ 的衍生物伊维菌素（ Ｉｖｅｒｍ ｅｃｔｉｎ） 搽剂皮肤用药的急性和长期毒性作用。方法　观察给予正常皮肤和破损皮肤动物一次性或长期经皮给药产生的毒性反应。结果　以２６７ｍ ｇ／ｋｇ 大剂量的伊维菌素经皮给药 ２４ｈ 后出现震颤、运动失调等中毒症状, ７２ｈ 后症状消失; 以１００ｍ ｇ／ｋｇ 经皮给药 ４５ 天后无明显的毒性。结论　大剂量 （２６７ ｍ ｇ／ｋｇ） 的伊维菌素经破损皮肤给药可致动物急性中毒, 较大剂量 （１００ ｍ ｇ／ｋｇ） 长期皮肤用药无明显的毒性作用。     

植物叶片氮分配及其影响因子研究进展

氮是植物生长的基本限制性因子,它的有效利用可以增加植物的适应性。叶片氮分配是指氮在植物叶片细胞各细胞结构以及游离化合物中所分配的比例。叶片氮的分配方式决定了叶片光合作用的强弱,影响叶片的坚韧程度以及化学防御强度,因此研究氮在植物叶片内的分配方式具有重要意义。阐述了叶片氮分配的方式,分析了影响叶片氮分配的生物和非生物因子(CO2,光,土壤养分),介绍了常用的叶片氮分配的研究方法,并对未来的研究进行了展望。     

西双版纳山地雨林乔木层树种20年动态研究

热带雨林中乔木层树种对群落的结构和功能起着决定性的作用,监测乔木树种的动态,能更好的了解群落的演替。基于西双版纳地区5块共1.25 hm2山地雨林固定样地20年的监测资料,从物种组成、多样性指数、个体数量、主要树种组成和径级结构等方面分析树种动态。研究对象为近成熟的山地雨林,1992—1994年初测时样地中记录到乔木层树种215种,隶属于61科128属;到2012年,乔木层树种增加到239种,隶属于62科148属。分析表明,20年来样地中乔木层树种在科、属、种三级组成水平上均呈缓慢增加趋势,增加率分别为1.64%、15.63%、11.16%。退出乔木层和新进入乔木层的树种主要是偶见种。20年来,样地乔木层总株数从1464株增加至1478株,累计死亡620株,总死亡率29.55%,年均死亡率1.48%;累计进界634株,总进界率30.22%,年均进界率1.51%;群落的多样性指数在小幅度波动中略有增加,Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数的增加率分别为0.28%、2.69%、0.55%;乔木层的径级组成未有明显变化,不同径级的死亡和进阶基本处于持平状态。     

Promoting lab culture to enhance academic resilience during crises

The COVID‐19 pandemic has heavily impacted academics’ professional and personal lives, forcing many research groups (labs) to shift from an academic system primarily based on in‐person work to an almost full‐time remote workforce during lockdowns. Labs are generally characterized by a strong lab culture that underpins all research and social activities of its members. Lab culture traditionally builds on the pillars of in‐person communication, knowledge sharing, and all social and professional activities that promote collaboration, team building, scientific productivity, and well‐being. Here, we use the experience of our research group facing the COVID‐19 pandemic to illustrate how proactively reinforcing lab culture and its positive outcomes have been essential to our lab when transitioning from an in‐person to a remote lab environment, and through its ongoing evolution toward a hybrid remote/in‐person model. We argue that the proactive promotion of lab culture in research groups can foster academic resilience during crises, helping research groups to maintain their capacity to conduct scientific activities while preserving a sustainable life/work balance and a healthy mental condition.     

可持续性科学研究热点及其知识基础——以Sustainability Science载文数据为例

以Sustainability Science 2006—2015年间刊载的论文为基础数据,应用Cite Space软件,采取文献共被引分析、关键词共现分析、突现词分析等方法对可持续性科学研究现状进行可视化分析。研究发现,Sustainability Science载文质量和国际影响力逐年上升;日、美、德、澳、加5国及东京大学、联合国大学、亚利桑那州立大学、茨城大学、京都大学、大阪大学、中国科学院等研究机构发文量位居前列,具有较强的研究实力。Komiyama H、Lang D J、Miller T R、Talwar S、Clark W S等是期刊载文引用较多的作者,显示了这些学者在可持续性科学领域的权威性。可持续性科学研究主要聚焦"可持续性"、"气候变化"、"概念框架"、"管治"、"脆弱性"、"适应性"、"恢复力"等热点问题。可持续性科学研究的知识基础主要包括"学科发展"、"跨学科研究"、"规划机制"、"灾害管控"、"信息管理"、"海岛环境"、"沿海脆弱性评估"、"土地利用"和"生态景观"等研究领域。     

施肥对麦田土壤可溶性有机氮的影响

利用长期定位试验,研究施肥和小麦生长对土壤可溶性有机氮(EON)的影响。长期不同施肥土壤包括不施肥(No-F)、施用化肥(NPK)和有机肥与化肥配施(MNPK)3种。EON含量范围为7.5—29.3 kg/hm~2,No-F、NPK和MNPK土壤中EON分别占可溶性总氮的40%、56%和56%。长期有机肥与化肥配施显著提高0—15 cm土层EON含量,但对30 cm以下土层EON含量无影响。在小麦开花期,可溶性有机氮的含量及其相对含量显著高于拔节期和收获期。虽然施用氮肥对当季EON含量无显著影响,但同位素示踪微区试验表明,土壤耕层(0—15 cm)中仍有0.4%—2.8%的可溶性有机氮来源于当季施入的肥料氮。可见,化学氮肥向可溶性有机氮的转化缓慢,但农田土壤中可溶性有机氮含量与矿质态氮含量相当,发生淋溶损失的风险大。     

西方高温热浪研究述评

高温热浪不仅给自然生态系统造成不可逆转的冲击,也对人类经济社会与健康产生巨大的负面影响。西方学者历来重视高温热浪相关研究,并产生了丰硕的成果。首先梳理了西方高温热浪研究的脉络,即从指标测度上明析其内涵;从对比模拟角度分析其产生的机理;从空间格局上总结其分布与规律;从复合系统层面探讨其影响;从流行病学角度解析其对健康的危害。其次,指出了趋势判断、机理解析、影响评估、脆弱性评估、风险感知、适应分析等未来关注的矛盾与焦点。在此基础上,提出了西方高温热浪研究对中国的启示,包括:拓展典型区域的实证研究;关注脆弱群体与欠发达地区;重视健康尤其是心理健康的影响;注重研究领域拓展;尝试多学科视角融合等。