Trends and inequities in colorectal cancer screening participation in Ontario,Canada, 2005–2011

Background: Participation in screening tests for colorectal cancer (CRC) is generally low in Ontario, Canada. In addition, inequities in participation exist including lower participation among low-income individuals, males and individuals living in rural areas. In April 2008, Colon Cancer Check (CCC) program, the province-wide CRC screening program, was launched in Ontario. This study describes the trends and inequities in CRC screening participation three years before and three years after the CCC, and assesses the effect of the program on CRC screening participation, overall and among certain population groups. Methods: We used administrative data to identify cohorts of individuals eligible for CRC screening in fiscal years 2005–2011. We calculated the age-standardized percent of Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) participation, large bowel endoscopy participation, and being ‘up-to-date’ with CRC screening tests. Results: From 2005 to 2011, FOBT participation increased from 7.6% to 14.8%, large bowel endoscopy participation from 3.4% to 5.7%, and ‘up-to-date’ with CRC screening from 27.2% to 41.3%. Before the launch of the CCC program, the quarterly increase in FOBT participation was 0.07% (p = 0.19), increased immediately after the launch (1.8%, p < 0.01), followed by a decline (?0.08%, p = 0.08), returning to its pre-program increase rate. We noted a significant decrease in FOBT participation every summer (?0.44%, p < 0.01). The CCC program had minimal effect on large bowel endoscopy participation. Before the launch of the CCC program, the quarterly increase in ‘up-to-date’ with CRC screening was 0.9% (p < 0.01), increased immediately after the launch (2.5%, p = 0.05), followed by a modest decline thereafter (?0.59%, p < 0.02). From 2005 to 2011, recent residents living in low-income neighborhoods were consistently and significantly less likely to have a FOBT and be ‘up-to-date’ with CRC screening than long-term residents living in high-income neighborhoods (2.9–4.5%; 14.7–17.3% respectively). Pre-CCC inequities in CRC participation persisted after the launch of the program. Conclusion: CRC testing was increasing in Ontario from 2005. An immediate increase in CRC testing, FOBT in particular, occurred after the launch of the CCC program, followed by a return to its pre-CCC increase rate thereafter. Future efforts are needed to improve screening participation and address inequities.     

序言Ⅱ 冬虫夏草:从科学到产业

作为名贵传统药材,冬虫夏草的研究方兴未艾。无性型的确定、学名的变更和"一种真菌一个名称"确定了冬虫夏草菌为Ophiocordyceps sinensis;独特的分布、悠久的历史、公众的认可及地方经济的重要作用等被推荐为"国菌";"虫草产业发展金湖宣言"从产、学、研倡议"尊重科学、利好产业"的发展思路。随着科学研究深入和产业技术发展,冬虫夏草培植获得成功。本专刊对冬虫夏草培植相关基础研究和关键技术进行了总结,对寄主昆虫选育及规模化饲养关键技术到冬虫夏草菌菌种筛选、侵染途径和培植以及培植产品与野生冬虫夏草化学成分和蛋白质谱比较等进行了论述。冬虫夏草培植的成功,不论从科学还是产业的角度,都具有里程碑式的意义。     

教育中的同伴效应研究述评：概念、模型与方法

教育中的同伴效应是指宿舍、班级、年级或学校内同伴的背景、行为及产出对学生产出或行为的影响。教育中的同伴效应起初使用的是同质性模型,即认为无论个体如何选择同伴,总效益是不变的,同伴效应是一种零和现象。进而发展到异质性模型,即认为同伴效应对不同个体的作用结果是不一样的,通过合理的分配能够提高总效益。研究方法则从以普通最小二乘法为主的统计关联研究,发展到借助于随机实验、自然实验以及准实验的因果推断研究。同伴效应的研究为正确地认识和评价相关教育政策,获得最优组织学校教学的方式,提高教学效率提供了依据。     

Attitudes toward Post‐Trial Access to Medical Interventions: A Review of Academic Literature,Legislation, and International Guidelines

There is currently no international consensus around post‐trial obligations toward research participants, community members, and host countries. This literature review investigates arguments and attitudes toward post‐trial access. The literature review found that academic discussions focused on the rights of research participants, but offered few practical recommendations for addressing or improving current practices. Similarly, there are few regulations or legislation pertaining to post‐trial access. If regulatory changes are necessary, we need to understand the current arguments, legislation, and attitudes towards post‐trial access and participants and community members. Given that clinical trials conducted in low‐income countries will likely continue, there is an urgent need for consideration of post‐trial benefits for participants, communities, and citizens of host countries. While this issue may not be as pressing in countries where participants have access to healthcare and medicines through public schemes, it is particularly important in regions where this may not be available.     

中药治疗非酒精性脂肪肝病研究进展

非酒精性脂肪肝病(NAFLD)指排除酒精和其他明确的损肝因素所致的肝细胞内脂肪过度沉积为主要特征的临床病理综合征。目前,该病的发病机制错综复杂,西药尚缺乏治该病的特效药,主要是运用调节血脂的药物作为辅助治疗。中药在治疗NAFLD方面具有安全、毒副作用低等优势,近年来对中药治疗NAFLD的研究也越来越多。在梳理了国内外治疗NAFLD成果的基础上,本文分别从单味中药、复方中药等方面详细阐述中药治疗NAFLD的现状,旨在为NAFLD的临床治疗提供参考。     

The insights of Let‐7 miRNAs in oncogenesis and stem cell potency

The ability of the classic tumour‐suppressive let‐7 family to inhibit carcinogenesis, tumour progression, recurrence and pluripotency of cancer stem cells has generated significant interest in the field of cancer research. Through suppressing and degrading downstream‐targeted mRNAs, let‐7 affected most aspects of cell biology. It is perplexing how let‐7 affects oncogenesis, as the large influx of new miRNAs and other kinds of non‐coding RNAs are continuously defined. In this review, we delineate the complex functions of let‐7 and discuss the future direction of let‐7 research.     

抗抑郁新药的研究与开发

随着社会经济高速发展,人们面临的社会竞争和心理压力加大,导致抑郁症逐渐成为现代社会的常见及高发疾病,所以临床上对 抗抑郁新药的需求日益增长。概述近年来欧美上市的抗抑郁新药和目前临床III期在研的部分抗抑郁小分子药物的合成工艺及临床研究进 展。