门冬胰岛素联合甘精胰岛素对新诊断2型糖尿病患者炎性因子、血糖及血脂水平的影响

目的:探讨门冬胰岛素联合甘精胰岛素对新诊断2型糖尿病患者血清炎性因子、血糖及血脂水平的影响。方法:选取我院2017年3月～2019年3月收治的100例新诊断2型糖尿病患者,将其随机分为研究组和对照组,每组50例患者。对照组患者给予门冬胰岛素治疗,研究组患者给予门冬胰岛素联合甘精胰岛素治疗,对比两组患者治疗前后血清炎性因子、血糖及血脂水平的变化。结果:治疗后,两组患者糖化血红蛋白(hemoglobin A1c,HbA1c)、空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose,FPG)、餐后2h血糖(2h postprandial blod glucose,2hPBG)、血清肿瘤坏死因子(Tumor necrosis factor,TNF-α)、高敏C反应蛋白(high-sensitive C-reactive protein,hs-CRP)水平均较治疗前明显降低(P0.05),且研究组患者以上指标均显著低于对照组(P0.05);两组患者治疗后总胆固醇(Total Cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(Triglyceride,TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)水平均较治疗前明显降低,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(High-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)明显升高(P0.05),且研究组以上指标的改善程度均优于对照组(P0.05)。研究组患者的胰岛素用量明显少于对照组(P0.05),患者血糖首次达标时间明显短于对照组(P0.05)。结论:门冬胰岛素联合甘精胰岛素适用于新诊断2型糖尿病患者,可有效降低血糖、血脂、血清TNF-α和hs-CRP水平。     

Structural and immunogenomic insights into B-cell receptor activation

B cells express B-cell receptors(BCRs) which recognize antigen to trigger signaling cascades for B-cell activation and subsequent antibody production. BCR activation has a crucial influence on B-cell fate. How BCR is activated upon encountering antigen remains to be solved, although tremendous progresses have been achieved in the past few years. Here, we summarize the models that have been proposed to explain BCR activation, including the cross-linking model, the conformation-induced oligomerization model, the dissociation activation model, and the conformational change model. Especially, we elucidate the partially resolved structures of antibodies and/or BCRs by far and discusse how these current structural and further immunogenomic messages and more importantly the future studies may shed light on the explanation of BCR activation and the relevant diseases in the case of dysregulation.     

冠心病患者血浆CD69、DKK-1与血脂、炎性因子的关系及其诊断价值分析

摘要 目的：分析冠心病（CHD）患者血浆CD69、Wnt拮抗剂蛋白-1（DKK-1）与血脂、炎性因子的关系,并分析CD69和DKK1对于CHD患者的诊断价值。方法：选取2016年6月~2018年12月在我院诊治的CHD患者136例,根据Gensini评分分为轻度亚组、中度亚组、重度亚组,同时纳入与之年龄、性别匹配的冠状动脉造影正常者136例作为对照组。检测受试者血清炎性因子、血脂、及血浆CD69、DKK-1水平,分析CHD患者CD69、DKK-1水平与血脂、炎性因子、Gensini评分的相关性,采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析CD69和DKK1对于CHD患者的诊断价值。结果：CHD患者CD69、DKK-1、白细胞介素-10（IL-10)、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、三酰甘油（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）水平高于对照组,高密度脂蛋白（HDL）水平低于对照组（P<0.05）;随着冠脉狭窄病变程度的加重,CD69、DKK-1、IL-10、IL-6、TC、TG、LDL水平呈升高趋势,HDL水平呈降低趋势（P<0.05）。CHD患者CD69、DKK-1水平与IL-10、IL-6、TC、TG、LDL、Gensini评分均呈正相关,与HDL呈负相关（P<0.05）。ROC曲线分析结果显示,CD69、DKK-1联合检测诊断CHD的灵敏度、特异度分别为0.816、0.846。结论：CHD患者血浆DKK-1、CD69水平升高,与血脂、炎性因子和Gensini评分密切相关,两者联合检测可提高CHD诊断效能。     

Characterization and antioxidant activity of an exopolysaccharide produced by Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides JF17 from juçara fruits (Euterpe edulis Martius)

Juçara palm tree is considered an important species in the Atlantic forest ecosystem and the exploitation of its fruits is a main sustainable strategy adopted to its maintenance. Among several microorganisms in the juçara fruits, were found lactic acid bacteria (LAB) highly capable of synthesizing exopolysaccharides (EPS). Thus, the EPS synthesized by Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides JF17 was characterized according to its chemical structure, physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity. HPLC analysis showed that the EPS consisted of a homopolysaccharide composed of glucose units, FT-IR spectroscopy revealed a dextran, confirmed by ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra which showed the composition of the polysaccharide, d-glucose units bound by α-(1→6). The EPS showed high water retention capacity, 507.812 ± 47.471 %, and may be related to the porous structure revealed by SEM images. Thermal analysis indicated that the EPS had excellent thermal stability with degradation temperature of 320.8 °C and melting point at 279.81 °C, with the enthalpy of 106.557 J/g. The EPS also presented sequestration ability on different free radicals tested, indicating high antioxidant activity. The results suggest that L. pseudomesenteroides JF17 might be widely used in the production of dextran which has potential qualities for applications in the food industry.     

Twenty years of traffic: A 2020 vision of cellular electron microscopy

The last 20 years have seen incredible advances in electron microscopy (EM). Cryoelectron microscopy can now resolve protein structures to a previously unimaginable resolution but the advances in cellular EM are just as significant. I will take this opportunity to briefly summarize some of the new developments in cellular EM.     

Organelle contacts: Sub‐organelle zones to facilitate rapid and accurate inter‐organelle trafficking of lipids

When one person wants to communicate securely with another, he/she should contact the other person directly. This rule applies not only to human society, but also to the intracellular micro‐society. In the past two decades, it has become increasingly clear that the sub‐organelle regions called membrane contact sites (MCSs) are pivotal for inter‐organelle transport of lipids in cells, as highlighted in the thematic review series “Interorganelle trafficking of lipids” held in Traffic in 2014–2015. In this commentary, we will describe how the currently prevailing model for lipid trafficking at MCSs was generated, and comment on three important issues that have not been explored: (a1) the principles guiding the generation of an asymmetrical inter‐organelle flow of lipids in cells, (b2) the advantages in lipid trafficking at organelle contacts, and (c3) the dynamic network of inter‐organelle lipid trafficking.     

Lipid status association with 25-hydroxy vitamin D: Cross sectional study of end stage renal disease patients

BackgroundSome observational studies indicate an association of 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) insufficiency and atherogenic cholesterol concentrations. The aim of this study was to investigate relationship between 25(OH)D concentrations and lipid parameters in end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, separately for predialysis, hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients.MethodsWe have adjusted 25(OH)D concentrations for seasonal variability with cosinor analysis, and performed all further analysis using these corrected 25(OH)D concentrations. Concentrations of 25(OH)D and the lipid parameters were determined in 214 ESRD patients and 50 control group participants. The analysis included the measurement of 25(OH)D by HPLC, apolipoprotein (Apo) AI, ApoB and Lp(a) by nephelometry, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) by spectrophotometry and manually calculated ApoB/ApoAI and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio.ResultsESRD patients with adjusted 25(OH)D concentrations of 50 nmol/L had significantly higher TC (P = 0.005) and ApoAI (P = 0.049). Significantly higher HDLC (P = 0.011) and ApoAI (P = 0.020) were found in hemodialysis patients with the 25(OH)D concentrations of 50 nmol/L. The other analyzed lipid parameters differed significantly between predialysis, hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients with 25(OH)D concentrations of < 50 nmol/L.ConclusionsOur study indicate the significant relationship between 25(OH)D repletion and optimal concentrations of lipid parameters in ESRD patients. Further research is necessary to explain whether joint evaluation of vitamin D status and lipid abnormalities could improve cardiovascular outcome in ESRD patients.     

Spatial resolution and location impact group structure in a marine food web

Ecological processes in food webs depend on species interactions. By identifying broad‐scaled interaction patterns, important information on species' ecological roles may be revealed. Here, we use the group model to examine how spatial resolution and proximity influence group structure. We examine a data set from the Barents Sea, with food webs described for both the whole region and 25 subregions. We test how the group structure in the networks differ comparing (1) the regional metaweb to subregions and (2) subregion to subregion. We find that more than half the species in the metaweb change groups when compared to subregions. Between subregions, networks with similar group structure are spatially related. Interestingly, although species overlap is important for similarity in group structure, there are notable exceptions. Our results highlight that species ecological roles vary depending on fine‐scaled differences in the patterns of interactions, and that local network characteristics are important to consider.     

Metabolic profiles of fish nodavirus infection in vitro: RGNNV induced and exploited cellular fatty acid synthesis for virus infection

Red‐spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV), the causative agent of viral nervous necrosis disease, has caused high mortality and heavy economic losses in marine aquaculture worldwide. However, changes in host cell metabolism during RGNNV infection remain largely unknown. Here, the global metabolic profiling during RGNNV infection and the roles of cellular fatty acid synthesis in RGNNV infection were investigated. As the infection progressed, 71 intracellular metabolites were significantly altered in RGNNV‐infected cells compared with mock‐infected cells. The levels of metabolites involved in amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism were significantly decreased, whereas those that correlated with fatty acid synthesis were significantly up‐regulated during RGNNV infection. Among them, tryptophan and oleic acid were assessed as the most crucial biomarkers for RGNNV infection. In addition, RGNNV infection induced the formation of lipid droplets and re‐localization of fatty acid synthase (FASN), indicating that RGNNV induced and required lipogenesis for viral infection. The exogenous addition of palmitic acid (PA) enhanced RGNNV infection, and the inhibition of FASN and acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACC) significantly decreased RGNNV replication. Additionally, not only inhibition of palmitoylation and phospholipid synthesis, but also destruction of fatty acid β‐oxidation significantly decreased viral replication. These data suggest that cellular fatty acid synthesis and mitochondrial β‐oxidation are essential for RGNNV to complete the viral life cycle. Thus, it has been demonstrated for the first time that RGNNV infection in vitro overtook host cell metabolism and, in that process, cellular fatty acid synthesis was an essential component for RGNNV replication.