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861.
Repeated Cocaine Administration Alters Extracellular Glutamate in the Ventral Tegmental Area 总被引:9,自引:5,他引:4
Abstract: The present study determined if repeated cocaine injections alter the effect of cocaine on extracellular glutamate in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). All rats were treated with daily cocaine (15 mg/kg i.p. × 2 days, 30 mg/kg i.p. × 5 days) or saline for 7 days. At 21 days after discontinuing the daily injections, a dialysis probe was placed into the VTA and the extracellular levels of glutamate were estimated. A systemic injection of cocaine (15 mg/kg i.p.) elevated extracellular glutamate in the VTA of rats pretreated with daily cocaine but not in the daily saline-pretreated subjects. No significant change in glutamate was produced by a saline injection in either pretreatment group. In a group of rats pretreated with daily cocaine, the D1 antagonist SCH-23390 (30 µ M ) was infused through the dialysis probe prior to the acute injections of saline and cocaine. SCH-23390 prevented the increase in extracellular glutamate associated with the acute administration of cocaine. Behavioral data were collected simultaneously with the measures of extracellular glutamate. The behavioral stimulant effect of cocaine was greater in cocaine-pretreated than saline-pretreated subjects, and the behavioral augmentation in cocaine-pretreated rats was partly blocked by SCH-23390. These data support the hypotheses that repeated cocaine administration produces an increase in the capacity of D1 receptor stimulation to release glutamate in the VTA and that this mechanism partly mediates behavioral sensitization produced in rats treated with daily cocaine injections. 相似文献
862.
Under phosphorus deficiency reductions in plant leaf area have been attributed to both direct effects of P on the individual leaf expansion rate and to a reduced availability of assimilates for leaf growth. In this work we use experimental and simulation techniques to identify and quantify these processes in wheat plants growing under P-deficient conditions. In a glasshouse experiment we studied the effects of soil P addition (0–138 kg P2O5 ha-1) on tillering, leaf emergence, leaf expansion, plant growth, and leaf photosynthesis of wheat plants (cv. INTA Oasis) that were not water stressed. Plants were grown in pots containing a P-deficient (3 mg P g-1 soil) sandy soil. Sowing and pots were arranged to simulate a crop stand of 173 plants m-2. Experimental results were integrated in a simulation model to study the relative importance of each process in determining the plant leaf area during vegetative stages of wheat. Phosphorus deficiency significantly reduced plant leaf area and dry weight production. Under P-deficient conditions the phyllochron (PHY) was increased up to a 32%, compared to that of high-P plants. In low-P plants the rate of individual leaf area expansion during the quasi-linear phase of leaf expansion (LER) was significantly reduced. The effect of P deficiency on LER was the main determinant of the final size of the individual leaves. In recently expanded leaves phosphorus deficiency reduced the photosynthesis rate per unit leaf area at high radiation (AMAX), up to 57%. Relative values of AMAX showed an hyperbolic relationship with leaf P% saturating at 0.27%. Relative values of the tillering rate showed an hyperbolic relationship with the shoot P% saturating at values above 0.38%. The value of LER was not related to the concentration of P in leaves or shoots. A morphogenetic model of leaf area development and growth was developed to quantify the effect of assimilate supply at canopy level on total leaf area expansion, and to study the sensitivity of different model variables to changes in model parameters. Simulation results indicated that under mild P stress conditions up to 80% of the observed reduction in plant leaf area was due to the effects of P deficiency on leaf emergence and tillering. Under extreme P-deficient conditions the simulation model failed to explain the experimental results indicating that other factors not taken into account by the model, i.e. direct effects of P on leaf expansion, must have been active. Possible mechanisms of action of the direct effects of P on individual leaf expansion are discussed in this work. 相似文献
863.
Field experiments were performed in Southern Finland on fine sand and organic soil in 1990 and 1991 to study carrot roots. Fall ploughed land was loosened by rotary harrowing to a depth of 20 cm or compacted under moist conditions to a depth of 25–30 cm by three passes of adjacent wheel tracks with a tractor weighing 3 Mg, in April were contiguously applied across the plot before seed bed preparation. Sprinkler irrigation (30 mm) was applied to fine sand when moisture in the 0–15 cm range of soil depth was 50% of plant-available water capacity. For root sampling, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) cylinders (30 × 60 cm) were installed in the rows of experimental plots after sowing, and removed at harvest. Six carrot plants were grown in each of in these soil colums in situ in the field.Fine root length and width were quantified by image analysis. Root length density (RLD) per plant was 0.2–1.0 cm cm-3 in the 0–30 cm range. The fibrous root system of one carrot had total root lengths of 130–150 m in loose fine sand and 180–200 m in compacted fine sand. More roots were observed in irrigated than non-irrigated soils. In the 0–50 cm range of organic soil, 230–250 m of root length were removed from loosened organic soils and 240–300 m from compacted soils. Specific root surface area (surface area divided by dry root weight) of a carrot fibrous root system averaged 1500–2000 cm2 g-1. Root length to weight ratios of 250–350 m g-1 effectively compare with the ratios of other species.Fibrous root growth was stimulated by soil compaction or irrigation to a depth of 30 cm, in both the fine sand and organic soils, suggesting better soil water supply in compacted than in loosened soils. Soil compaction increased root diameters more in fine sand than it did in organic soil. Most of the root length in loosened soils (fine sand 90%, organic soil 80%) and compacted soils (fine sand 80%, organic soil 75%) was composed of roots with diameters of approximately 0.15 mm. With respect to dry weight, length, surface area and volume of the fibrous root system, all the measurements gave significant resposes to irrigation and soil compaction. Total root volumes in the 0–50 cm of soil were 4.3 cm3 and 9.8 cm3 in loosened fine sand and organic soils, respectively, and 6.7 cm3 and 13.4 cm3 in compacted sand and organic soils, respectively. In fine sand, irrigation increased the volume from 4.8 to 6.3 cm3. 相似文献
864.
The CURLY LEAF (CLF ) gene in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. is required for stable repression of a floral homeotic gene, AGAMOUS in leaves and stems To clarify the function of CLF in organ development, we characterized clf mutants using an anatomical and genetic approach. The clf mutants had normal roots, hypocotyls, and cotyledons, but the foliage leaves and the stems had reduced dimensions. A decrease
both in the extent of cell elongation and in the number of cells was evident in the clf mutant leaves, suggesting that the CLF gene might be involved in the division and elongation of cells during leaf morphogenesis. An analysis of the development
of clf mutant leaves revealed that the period during which cell division or cell elongation occurred was of normal duration, while
the rates of both cell production and cell elongation were lower than in the wild type. Two phases in the elongation of cells
were also recognized from this analysis. From analysis of an angustifolia clf double mutant, we found that the two phases of elongation of leaf cells were regulated independently by each gene. Thus,
the CLF gene appears to affect cell division at an earlier stage and cell elongation throughout the development of leaf primordia.
Received: 19 February 1998 / Accepted: 24 March 1998 相似文献
865.
Ultrastructural effects in potato leaves due to antisense-inhibition of the sucrose transporter indicate an apoplasmic mode of phloem loading 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
To study the export of sugars from leaves and their long-distance transport, sucrose-proton/co-transporter activity of potato
was inhibited by antisense repression of StSUT1 under control of either a ubiquitously active (CaMV 35S ) or a companion-cell-specific (rolC) promotor in transgenic plants. Transformants exhibiting reduced levels of the sucrose-transporter mRNA and showing a dramatic
reduction in root and tuber growth, were chosen to investigate the ultrastructure of their source leaves. The transformants
had a regular leaf anatomy with a single-layered palisade parenchyma, and bicollateral minor veins within the spongy parenchyma.
Regardless of the promoter used, source leaves from transformants showed an altered leaf phenotype and a permanent accumulation
of assimilates as indicated by the number and size of starch grains, and by the occurrence of lipid-storing oleosomes. Starch
accumulated throughout the leaf: in epidermis, mesophyll and, to a smaller degree, in phloem parenchyma cells of minor veins.
Oleosomes were observed equally in mesophyll and phloem parenchyma cells. Companion cells were not involved in lipid accmulation
and their chloroplasts developed only small starch grains. The similarity of ultrastructural symptoms under both promotors
corresponds to, rather than contradicts, the hypothesis that assimilates can move symplasmically from mesophyll, via the bundle
sheath, up to the phloem. The microscopical symptoms of a constitutively high sugar level in the transformant leaves were
compared with those in wild-type plants after cold-girdling of the petiole. Inhibition of sugar export, both by a reduction
of sucrose carriers in the sieve element/companion cell complex (se/cc complex), or further downstream by cold-girdling, equally
evokes the accumulation of assimilates in all leaf tissues up to the se/cc complex border. However, microscopy revealed that
antisense inhibition of loading produces a persistently high sugar level throughout the leaf, while cold-girdling leads only
to local patches containing high levels of sugar.
Received: 4 March 1998 / Accepted: 7 April 1998 相似文献
866.
Two Italian CO2 springs allowed us to study the long-term effect of a 350–2600 μ mol mol–1 increase in CO2 concentrations on the surface structures of leaves of Quercus ilex L. Carbon dioxide increased the quantity of cuticular waxes, above an apparent threshold of 750 μ mol mol–1 CO2 . Leaf wettability was not modified by CO2 concentrations. Reduction in stomatal frequency was observable up to 750 μ mol mol–1 CO2 , the slope being almost the same as that estimated for the increase in CO2 concentration from pre-industrial times to the present. At higher concentrations, CO2 seemed to exert no more impact on stomatal frequency. 相似文献
867.
O. Ghannoum K. Siebke S. Von Caemmerer & J. P. Conroy 《Plant, cell & environment》1998,21(11):1123-1131
Evidence is presented contrary to the suggestion that C4 plants grow larger at elevated CO2 because the C4 pathway of young C4 leaves has C3-like characteristics, making their photosynthesis O2 sensitive and responsive to high CO2. We combined PAM fluorescence with gas exchange measurements to examine the O2 dependence of photosynthesis in young and mature leaves of Panicum antidotale (C4, NADP-ME) and P. coloratum (C4, NAD-ME), at an intercellular CO2 concentration of 5 Pa. P. laxum (C3) was used for comparison. The young C4 leaves had CO2 and light response curves typical of C4 photosynthesis. When the O2 concentration was gradually increased between 2 and 40%, CO2 assimilation rates (A) of both mature and young C4 leaves were little affected, while the ratio of the quantum yield of photosystem II to that of CO2 assimilation (ΦPSII/ΦCO2) increased more in young (up to 31%) than mature (up to 10%) C4 leaves. A of C3 leaves decreased by 1·3 and ΦPSII/ΦCO2 increased by 9-fold, over the same range of O2 concentrations. Larger increases in electron transport requirements in young, relative to mature, C4 leaves at low CO2 are indicative of greater O2 sensitivity of photorespiration. Photosynthesis modelling showed that young C4 leaves have lower bundle sheath CO2 concentration, brought about by higher bundle sheath conductance relative to the activity of the C4 and C3 cycles and/or lower ratio of activities of the C4 to C3 cycles. 相似文献
868.
Relative importance of osmotic-stress and ion-specific effects on ABA-mediated inhibition of leaf expansion growth in Phaseolus vulgaris 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
The osmotic and ion-specific components of salt-induced inhibition of leaf expansion growth were investigated in beans grown from 12 h to several days in either NaCl-containing solution cultures, an isosmotic concentrated macronutrient solution, or a vermiculite–compost mixture with low Na+ but high Cl– availability. Inhibition of leaf expansion and leaf ABA increase was more intense in the NaCl than in the isosmotic macronutrient treatment. Root Na+ was highly correlated to inhibition of leaf expansion and leaf or xylem sap ABA. When Na+ was sequestered in soil, salinized plants showed no reduction in leaf expansion or ABA increase, regardless of the presence of high leaf Cl– concentrations. Stomatal conductance exhibited an exponential relationship with the reciprocal value of xylem sap ABA. Our results indicate that an ion-specific effect caused by Na+ in roots may account for an ABA-mediated reponse of both stomatal closure and leaf expansion inhibition. 相似文献
869.
Consequences of different forms of conservation for large mammals in Tanzania: preliminary analyses 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
T. M Caro N Pelkey M Borner K. L. I Campbell B. L Woodworth B. P Farm J Ole Kuwai S. A Huish & E. L. M Severre 《African Journal of Ecology》1998,36(4):303-320
We examined the effects of protection from human activities and effects of tourist hunting on densities of 21 large mammal species in Tanzania. Aerial censuses revealed that mammal biomass per km2 was highest in National Parks. Densities of nine ungulate species were significantly higher in National Parks and Game Reserves than in areas that permitted settlement; these tended to be the larger species favoured by poachers. The presence of tourist hunters had little positive or negative impact on ungulate densities, even for sought-after trophy species; limited ground censuses confirmed these results. Our analyses suggest that prohibition of human activity, backed up by on-site enforcement, maintains ungulate populations at relatively high densities, and challenge the idea that enforcement is only effective when spending is high. 相似文献
870.