闽南三市绿地景观格局与地表温度的空间关系

深入探索绿地景观格局对热环境的影响机制,对于改善城市生态环境具有重要意义。基于厦门、漳州、泉州三市的Landsat遥感数据,应用景观生态学与空间自相关理论,探讨了绿地景观与地表温度的空间分布特征,并用双变量空间自相关与空间自回归模型分析两者之间的空间关系。结果表明:闽南三市绿地与地表温度均具有显著的空间自相关性;内陆的高海拔地区,绿地分布密集,地表温度较低,而城区、乡镇及大片的耕地,绿地分布较少,地表温度较高;漳州、泉州绿地景观格局对地表温度的影响更显著,厦门最弱;绿地的景观类型比例、最大斑块指数、聚集度指数、平均斑块面积与地表温度呈负相关,斑块密度与地表温度呈正相关;边缘密度、平均形状指数与地表温度的关系存在不确定性;空间滞后模型与空间误差模型能更好地解释绿地景观格局与地表温度的空间关系。     

长江三角洲核心区绿地系统时空演变特征及生态服务价值评估

在经济建设与环境保护矛盾突出的背景下,研究区域绿地系统时空演化特征,探讨人为因素对绿地系统生态服务的影响,对于改善绿地资源管理、促进区域永续协调发展具有重要意义。本研究基于景观生态学研究方法和生态服务价值当量因子评估法,运用ArcGIS 10.2软件的空间分析功能,对1990-2015年长江三角洲核心区绿地系统时空演化特征及生态服务价值进行了分析。结果表明:(1)长三角核心区绿地景观规模随时间的变化具有阶段性特征,呈现先扩大后缩减的态势;绿地景观与其他土地利用类型的转移存在阶段性与指向性特征;绿地景观格局总体上表现为初期集聚同质化、后期破碎异质化。(2)长三角核心区绿地系统生态服务价值随时间变化明显,不同绿地景观类型有不同的阶段性特征;长三角核心区绿地系统生态服务类型中,调节服务对于绿地系统整体生态服务价值贡献最大。(3)长三角核心区绿地系统生态服务价值在空间上呈现南北不均衡的特征,总体上呈南高北低态势,其中杭州市绿地系统生态服务价值在不同阶段均最高。区域地形地貌是影响区域生态服务价值的一个重要因素。     

宁夏沿黄城市带湿地景观格局演变特征及驱动力

湿地作为全球生产力最高的生态系统之一,具有水净化、气候调节、碳汇等多种功能,但由于人类社会发展的胁迫和自然条件的改变,湿地流失尤为严重。为探究沿黄湿地景观格局演变规律,了解湿地资源的现状和动态变化,本研究以2000、2009、2018年3个时期Landsat卫星影像为数据源,选用景观指数、地理探测器等方法定量分析2000—2018年间宁夏沿黄城市带湿地景观格局演变特征及驱动力。结果表明: 2000—2018年,宁夏沿黄城市带湿地面积呈先增后减的趋势,湿地面积在研究前期增加了52.2 km²,增长率为8.2%,后期减少了26.8 km²,减少率为3.9%。湿地主要转出为建设用地和未利用地,转出面积分别为166.7、158.4 km²;新增湿地主要由未利用地和林草地转入,转入面积为543.1 km²。城市带湿地景观的破碎化程度呈上升趋势,但各类湿地均衡分布的态势逐渐增强,景观多样性也不断增加,景观优势种类逐渐弱化。自然要素和社会经济要素共同影响城市带湿地景观格局演变,其中,社会经济要素中的人口因素影响最显著,自然要素中的降水量、气温驱动作用明显,其他驱动力因子相对较弱但也不容忽视。     

Evolution of putative barrier loci at an intermediate stage of speciation with gene flow in campions (Silene)

Understanding the origin of new species is a central goal in evolutionary biology. Diverging lineages often evolve highly heterogeneous patterns of genetic differentiation; however, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. We investigated evolutionary processes governing genetic differentiation between the hybridizing campions Silene dioica (L.) Clairv. and S. latifolia Poiret. Demographic modelling indicated that the two species diverged with gene flow. The best‐supported scenario with heterogeneity in both migration rate and effective population size suggested that a small proportion of the loci evolved without gene flow. Differentiation (F _ST) and sequence divergence (d _XY) were correlated and both tended to peak in the middle of most linkage groups, consistent with reduced gene flow at highly differentiated loci. Highly differentiated loci further exhibited signatures of selection. In between‐species population pairs, isolation by distance was stronger for genomic regions with low between‐species differentiation than for highly differentiated regions that may contain barrier loci. Moreover, differentiation landscapes within and between species were only weakly correlated, suggesting that linked selection due to shared recombination and gene density landscapes is not the dominant determinant of genetic differentiation in these lineages. Instead, our results suggest that divergent selection shaped the genomic landscape of differentiation between the two Silene species, consistent with predictions for speciation in the face of gene flow.     

Beyond the landscape: Resistance modelling infers physical and behavioural gene flow barriers to a mobile carnivore across a metropolitan area

Urbanization affects key aspects of wildlife ecology. Dispersal in urban wildlife species may be impacted by geographical barriers but also by a species’ inherent behavioural variability. There are no functional connectivity analyses using continuous individual‐based sampling across an urban‐rural continuum that would allow a thorough assessment of the relative importance of physical and behavioural dispersal barriers. We used 16 microsatellite loci to genotype 374 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from the city of Berlin and surrounding rural regions in Brandenburg in order to study genetic structure and dispersal behaviour of a mobile carnivore across the urban‐rural landscape. We assessed functional connectivity by applying an individual‐based landscape genetic optimization procedure. Three commonly used genetic distance measures yielded different model selection results, with only the results of an eigenvector‐based multivariate analysis reasonably explaining genetic differentiation patterns. Genetic clustering methods and landscape resistance modelling supported the presence of an urban population with reduced dispersal across the city border. Artificial structures (railways, motorways) served as main dispersal corridors within the cityscape, yet urban foxes avoided densely built‐up areas. We show that despite their ubiquitous presence in urban areas, their mobility and behavioural plasticity, foxes were affected in their dispersal by anthropogenic presence. Distinguishing between man‐made structures and sites of human activity, rather than between natural and artificial structures, is thus essential for better understanding urban fox dispersal. This differentiation may also help to understand dispersal of other urban wildlife and to predict how behaviour can shape population genetic structure beyond physical barriers.     

Regional differences in the abiotic environment contribute to genomic divergence within a wild tomato species

The wild currant tomato Solanum pimpinellifolium inhabits a wide range of abiotic habitats across its native range of Ecuador and Peru. Although it has served as a key genetic resource for the improvement of domestic cultivars, little is known about the genetic basis of traits underlying local adaptation in this species, nor what abiotic variables are most important for driving differentiation. Here we use redundancy analysis (RDA) and other multivariate statistical methods (structural equation modelling [SEM] and generalized dissimilarity modelling [GDM]) to quantify the relationship of genomic variation (6,830 single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]) with climate and geography, among 140 wild accessions. RDA, SEM and GDM each identified environment as explaining more genomic variation than geography, suggesting that local adaptation to heterogeneous abiotic habitats may be an important source of genetic diversity in this species. Environmental factors describing temporal variation in precipitation and evaporative demand explained the most SNP variation among accessions, indicating that these forces may represent key selective agents. Lastly, by studying how SNP–environment associations vary throughout the genome (44,064 SNPs), we mapped the location and investigated the functions of loci putatively contributing to climatic adaptations. Together, our findings indicate an important role for selection imposed by the abiotic environment in driving genomic differentiation between populations.     

森林-农业景观格局变化的社会-生态系统模拟模型方法进展

社会-生态系统（SES）模拟模型是景观格局分析和决策的有效工具,能表征景观格局变化的社会-生态效应及景观决策的复杂反馈机制。文献综述了森林-农业景观格局的SES模型方法进展发现：（1）多数模型对景观过程与社会经济决策的反馈关系分析不足;（2）应集成多种情景模拟和景观效应分析方法,完善现有SES模型的理论方法基础;（3）通过集成格局优化模型和自主体模型会有效改进SES模型功能,具体途径包括：集成情景-生态效应的景观格局模拟方法、完善景观决策的理论基础、加强集成模型的不确定性分析、降低模型复杂性和综合定性-定量数据等。研究结果有助于理解多尺度森林-农业景观格局在社会-生态系统中的重要作用,能更好地支持跨学科集成模型开发与应用。     

秦岭地区林地与草地景观格局变化及其驱动因素

以1980—2015年土地利用数据集为数据源,利用GIS空间分析、景观格局指数和主成分分析法,研究了秦岭地区林地与草地景观格局时空变化特征,并探讨其演化的驱动因素。结果表明:(1)林地和草地是秦岭地区主要景观类型,约占研究区总面积的72%,其中有林地为优势景观类型,其次为高覆盖度草地和中覆盖度草地,其他林地和低覆盖度草地分布面积相对较少。(2)35年来,林地和草地总面积整体呈减少趋势,净减少了309.44km~2,其中草地减少占主导地位;空间变化上,损失严重的区域主要分布于以西安市为中心的周边区域,主要向建设用地和耕地转移。(3)林地和草地景观破碎化程度逐渐增加,连通性降低,景观异质性增强且景观形状更为复杂,草地较林地变化明显;空间分布上,林地和草地景观格局指数空间分布特征明显,在地形因子作用下呈现一定的地形梯度性,尤其与海拔的相关性最好。(4)人为活动干扰是影响秦岭地区林地和草地景观格局变化的主要驱动因素,气候因素次之,同时国家宏观政策起着重要的导向作用。减缓人为活动对秦岭地区的过度影响,维护林地和草地的平衡性及完整性,是实现该区生态系统科学管理和资源的可持续利用的关键。     

生态系统服务功能与景观格局耦合协调度研究——以武陵山区退耕还林工程为例

生态系统服务功能与景观格局演变关系极为密切,研究生态系统服务功能与景观格局的耦合协调度对于区域发展具有重要意义。以武陵山区退耕还林工程为例,参照国家标准和行业标准,采用分布式测算方法、景观格局指数分析和耦合协调度模型等方法,旨在揭示武陵山区退耕还林工程生态系统服务功能与景观格局二者耦合协调关系。结果表明:(1)2005—2017年间武陵山区退耕还林工程各项生态服务功能物质量均以15倍左右速度增长,生态系统服务空间分布格局最佳区域由西部地区逐渐向东南扩大;(2)武陵山区景观演变存在时空差异,1995—2005年景观格局变化更为明显,变化区域集中在中西部地区,2005—2015年与之相比,景观格局变化空间上更为分散;(3)武陵山区退耕还林工程生态系统服务与景观格局演变存在较高水平的耦合以及高水平的协调性。研究结果可为武陵山区土地利用规划及退耕还林工程进一步实施提供科学依据。     

西安市城市化对景观格局及生态系统服务价值的影响

我国处于城市化高度发展阶段,截止2018年全国城市化率达到59.58%。城市的快速扩张,显著改变了区域景观格局,深刻影响城市生态系统的供给、调节、文化、支持等服务功能。近30年来,西安市城市用地扩张554.23 km²,基于西安市景观格局变化分析,利用同心缓冲区探讨城乡梯度内景观指数与生态系统服务价值的特征及其相互关系,揭示城市发展对城市生态系统的影响。结果表明,1980-2015年西安市各景观类型面积发生明显变化,耕地、草地面积逐渐减少,建设用地面积波动增加,主要来源于优势景观耕地的转化。景观破碎度最高的区域主要分布在距市中心10 km左右的城乡结合部,斑块密度、边缘密度、景观分割度最高,且随城市扩张,拐点距离逐渐增加。林地和耕地是提供生态系统服务的主要土地类型,西安地区总生态服务价值减少了9.56亿元,耕地减少最多（6.83亿元）,沿城乡梯度,总生态系统服务价值均值呈现从市中心到农村递增的趋势,土壤保持的生态服务价值增长最快;沿时间梯度上,生态服务价值均值呈现逐年减少现象;从景观格局对生态服务价值影响分析得知,多样性指数与各类型生态系统服务价值之间存在显著的相关关系,最大斑块指数与不同类型的服务价值呈高度负相关。城市建设使得区域的生态系统服务价值降低,在城市发展中需要科学规划用地、合理布设景观格局,提高生态环境质量,达到城市生态宜居的目的。