不同氮肥喷涂吡啶对夏玉米田氮素利用及土壤N2O排放的影响

为减少土壤N₂O排放,提高作物氮素利用,采用田间试验法研究了不同氮肥用量喷涂一定比例的吡啶(0、180、270、360 kg N·hm^-2)对夏玉米生育期内土壤N₂O排放和氮素表观损失、籽粒产量及氮素利用的影响.结果表明:不同氮肥用量下喷涂吡啶的土壤N₂O排放主要集中在播种-苗期和拔节-抽雄期,基肥和追肥后均会出现显著的土壤N₂O排放通量高峰.随氮肥用量增加,玉米产量不断增加,但270和360 kg N·hm^-2间无显著差异,2种施氮量下的玉米分别净增收5209和5426元·hm^-2.与不施氮肥比,各施氮处理下的玉米籽粒吸氮量提高幅度为109.6%～134.1%.各处理间的氮肥农学效率和氮肥利用率均以氮肥喷涂吡啶270 kg N·hm^-2较大,而土壤氮素表观损失较小.氮肥喷涂吡啶在270 kg N·hm^-2时玉米增产增收,氮肥利用效率较高,土壤N₂O排放和氮素表观损失较少,是一种较为合理的氮肥调控施用技术.     

不同种类氮肥对土壤释放N2O的影响

用培养试验模拟研究了在正常水分 ( 2 2 % )、干旱 ( 1 2 % )和高含水量 ( 32 % )条件下 ,普通碳酸氢铵 (普碳 )、尿素及新型肥料长效碳酸氢铵 (长碳 )对土壤释放N2 O的影响 ;同时考察了土壤NO-3 的形成时间和形成量 .结果表明 ,农田中施加的无机氮肥是大气中N2 O的重要来源 ,而长碳与普碳和尿素相比 ,不但可以明显延后N2 O释放高峰期出现时间 ,而且大多数情况下可以显著减少其释放量 (P <0 .0 1 ) .在 5个月的监测期内 ,与普碳和尿素相比其减少N2 O释放的比例分别为 80 .2 3和 88.41 % ( 1 2 %含水量 ) ,40 .0 0和2 7.59% ( 2 2 %含水量 ) ,无减少作用和 45.88% ( 32 %含水量 ) .本研究结果提示长碳具有作为农田生态系统N2 O减排措施的巨大潜力 ,同时暗示在农业中用长碳代替目前普遍应用的普碳 ,可以减少地下水中NO-3 引起的污染 .     

Ubiquitination-mediated protein degradation and modification： an emerging theme in plant-microbe interactions

Post-translational modification is central to protein stability and to the naodulation of protein activity.Various types ofprotein modification,such as phosphorylation,methylation,acetylation,myristoylation,glycosylation,and ubiquitina-tion,have been reported.Among them,ubiquitination distinguishes itself from others in that most of the ubiquitinatedproteins are targeted to the 26S proteasome for degradation.The ubiquitin/26S proteasome system constitutes the majorprotein degradation pathway in the cell.In recent years,the importance of the ubiquitination machinery in the controlof numerous eukaryotic cellular functions has been increasingly appreciated.Increasing number of E3 ubiquitin ligasesand their substrates,including a variety of essential cellular regulators have been identified.Studies in the past severalyears have revealed that the ubiquitination system is important for a broad range of plant developmental processes andresponses to abiotic and biotic stresses.This review discusses recent advances in the functional analysis of ubiquitina-tion-associated proteins from plants and pathogens that play important roles in plant-microbe interactions.     

控释肥料对稻田氧化亚氮排放的影响

采用静态箱法研究了控释肥料和常规肥料处理对华南赤红壤发育的稻田N2O排放的影响．结果表明,施用控释肥处理与非包膜复合肥处理,在水稻移栽后10d内水层中NH4^+-N和NO3^--N浓度问差异达极显著水平,各处理水层中NO3^--N浓度与2d后或当天N2O排放量间的偏相关系数达极显著水平．包膜型控释肥比未包膜复合肥能极显著地降低稻田N2O的排放量．在施肥后100d内,控释肥的N2O累积排放量仅为未包膜型复合肥料的13．45％～21．26％,是尿素处理的71．17％～112．47％．复合肥处理的N2O排放主要集中在施肥后1～25d和水稻晒田期间,控释肥在此时期的排放量显著降低,尿素处理则延缓并减小了N2O排放峰．控释肥一次施用和尿素分次施用都能减少N2O排放．     

Comparison of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli,Saccharomyces cerevisiae,Pichia pastoris,Spodoptera frugiperda</Emphasis>, and COS7 cells for recombinant gene expression

Expression of a rabbit liver carboxylesterase has been achieved in several different model systems including Escherichia coli, Pichia pastoris, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Spodoptera frugiperda, and COS7 cells. Although, recombinant protein was observed in E. coli sonicates, little or no enzymatic activity was detected. Similarly, no activity was observed following expression in S. cerevisiae. In contrast, active protein was produced in P. pastoris from S. frugiperda, following baculoviral infection and in COS7 cells following transient transfection of plasmid DNA. For the preparation of small amounts of protein for kinetic and biochemical studies, enzyme expressed in P. pastoris has proved sufficient. However, to produce large amounts of carboxylesterase for structural studies, baculoviral-mediated expression of a secreted form of the protein in S. frugiperda was the most efficient. Using this system, we have generated and purified milligram quantities of essentially pure protein. These results demonstrate that the choice of in vitro system for the generation of large amounts of active carboxylesterase, and probably most endoplasmic reticulum processed proteins, is crucial for high level expression and subsequent purification.     

Emission scenario of non-CO2 gases from energy activities and other sources in China

This paper gives a quantitative analysis on the non-CO2 emissions related to energy demand, energy activities and land use change of six scenarios with different development pattern in 2030 and 2050 based on IPAC emission model. The various mitigation technologies and policies are assessed to understand the corresponding non-CO2 emission reduction effect. The research shows that the future non-CO2 emissions of China will grow along with increasing energy demand, in which thermal power and transportation will be the major emission and mitigation sectors. During the cause of future social and economic development, the control and mitigation of non-CO2 emissions is a problem as challenging and pressing as that of CO2 emissions.This study indicates that the energy efficiency improvement, renewable energy, advanced nuclear power generation, fuel cell, coal-fired combined cycle, clean coal and motor vehicle emission control technologies will contribute to non-CO2 emissions control and mitigation.     

加气灌溉对不同施氮水平的设施甜瓜土壤CO2和N2O排放的影响

为探讨不同加气灌溉施氮模式下设施甜瓜土壤CO₂和N₂O排放的动态变化规律及其与土壤温度、湿度的关系,本研究采用密闭静态箱-气相色谱法对加气灌溉不同施氮水平下土壤CO₂和N₂O排放进行监测,并分析了加气灌溉对不同施氮量下土壤CO₂和N₂O排放的影响.试验采用加气灌溉(AI)和不加气灌溉(CK)两种灌溉方式,施氮量设不施氮(N₁)、传统施氮量的2/3(150 kg·hm^-2,N₂)和传统施氮量(225 kg·hm^-2,N₃)3个施氮水平.结果表明:加气灌溉土壤CO₂和N₂O排放量高于不加气灌溉处理,但是差异不显著;相同灌溉模式下,CO₂和N₂O排放量随施氮量的增加而显著增加,施氮量是土壤CO₂和N₂O排放的主要影响因素.加气灌溉条件下,不同施氮处理N₂O排放通量与土壤温度和湿度呈显著正相关,CO₂排放通量与土壤温度呈显著正相关.加气减氮处理在氮肥减少1/3的情况下,甜瓜产量提高了6.9%,温室气体排放引起的增温潜势值从9544.82 kg·hm^-2下降到9340.72 kg·hm^-2.综上,通过加气灌溉减少氮肥施用量来抑制农业生产系统中温室气体排放是可行的.     

急性弛缓性麻痹病例中ECHO11病毒的基因特征分析

该文首次分析了我国ECHO11病毒的分子流行病学资料。1999~2004年,ECHO11病毒是山东省急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例中分离到的优势毒株,2003年从山东省482例AFP病例中共分离到11株ECHO11病毒,其中相关的10例病例分布跨越山东省大部分地区,但发病日期集中在7月和12月。该研究试图通过对VP1编码基因全序列的测定和分析,为探讨ECHO11病毒与AFP之间的病因关系提供线索。分子流行病学研究提示,11株E-CHO11毒株都位于同一传播链,核苷酸同源性为97.2%~100%,氨基酸同源性为99.6%~100%,其中7月和12月的分离株之间相差8~9个核苷酸,氨基酸序列一致。这说明山东省2003年7月和12月分别发生了ECHO11病毒流行,但这些毒株与AFP的病因关系尚需进一步研究。11株病毒组成了A基因型中的一个新亚型,在进化树上单独呈密切相关的一簇,与同基因型内的其它亚型的核苷酸同源性为82.2%~84.7%,氨基酸同源性为94.8%~97.6%。     

Sox11基因对发育期小鼠大脑皮层神经元迁移的影响

目的: 以小鼠为实验动物研究精神分裂症易感基因Sox11对皮层神经元迁移的影响。方法: 应用实时荧光定量PCR、原位杂交等技术明确发育期 (E14.5, P0, P7, P14) Sox11于大脑皮层的表达模式;应用质粒构建、转染、胚胎电转、免疫荧光染色等技术,对不同时期 (E17.5, P0, P4, P7) 的小鼠分别转染对照shRNA质粒、mSox11 shRNA质粒和mSox11 shRNA干扰恢复后质粒,研究Sox11在神经元放射性迁移中的作用。结果: 与对照组神经元相比,转染mSox11 shRNA的神经元迁移明显延迟。当对照组神经元有一部分已经到达新皮层的表层时,大部分转染mSox11 shRNA的神经元仍停留在新皮层中间区;使用大鼠Sox11基因 (rSox11) 过表达载体对小鼠Sox11基因的干扰进行恢复后,神经元迁移完成后的分布情况与对照基本一致。小鼠Sox11干扰后和干扰恢复后,室管膜下区 (SVZ)、中间区 (IZ) 和皮层板 (CP) 内迁移神经元分布具有显著性差异 (P＜0.01)。结论: Sox11可以促进皮层神经元的迁移,提示Sox11在小鼠皮层神经元迁移过程中发挥重要功能。