Evolutionary morphology of the Tenrecoidea (Mammalia) hindlimb skeleton

The tenrecs of Central Africa and Madagascar provide an excellent model for exploring adaptive radiation and functional aspects of mammalian hindlimb form. The pelvic girdle, femur, and crus of 13 tenrecoid species, and four species from the families Solenodontidae, Macroscelididae, and Erinaceidae, were examined and measured. Results from qualitative and quantitative analyses demonstrate remarkable diversity in several aspects of knee and hip joint skeletal form that are supportive of function‐based hypotheses, and consistent with studies on nontenrecoid eutherian postcranial adaptation. Locomotor specialists within Tenrecoidea exhibit suites of characteristics that are widespread among eutherians with similar locomotor behaviors. Furthermore, several characters that are constrained at the subfamily level were identified. Such characters are more indicative of postural behavior than locomotor behavior. J. Morphol., 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Expression of hindlimb abnormalities under rearing temperature effects during the larval development of the salamander Pleurodeles waltl (urodele amphibian)

Anomalie m.p. is a spontaneous and heritable hindlimb abnormality described earlier. Twenty years later, Pleurodeles waltl larvae from the strain bearing anomalie m.p. and reared at room temperature or at 30°C, expressed abnormalities (ectrodactylia, hemimelia, ectromelia). A morphological study of all the hindlimbs and an analysis of the hindlimb skeleton of samples from the experimental animals confirmed that most of the skeletal malformations were identical to those previously reported and affected the disto-proximal and prepostaxial pattern of the hindlimb. Analysis of the effects of rearing temperature on the expression of anomalie m.p. showed that the effects varied according to the developmental period at which the heat treatment was applied; the sooner the heat treatment began, the more numerous and more various were the degrees of severity of the malformations. Moreover, heat treatment induced the expression of two additional malformations not yet described: the first one, named 'reversed knee joint', was characterized by a reversal of the knee joint, and the second one, named 'twisted foot', by a downward twisting of the foot. The epigenetic effects of rearing at 30°C on hindlimb development are discussed with regard to the differentiation or patterning.     

Upregulation of microRNA-27a inhibits synovial angiogenesis and chondrocyte apoptosis in knee osteoarthritis rats through the inhibition of PLK2

The function of microRNA-27a (miR-27a) on synovial angiogenesis and chondrocyte apoptosis in rats with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) by targeting PLK2 is explored in this present study. The rat model of KOA was conducted by anterior cruciate ligament transection. Rats were injected with miR-27a mimics, mimics NC, pcDNA3.1-PLK2 pcDNA3.1, or RLK2 RNAi plasmid via tail vein. A series of assays were used to figure out the functions of miR-27a and PLK2 in synovial angiogenesis and chondrocyte apoptosis in rats with KOA. Furthermore, the putative binding site between miR-27a and PLK2 was determined. Downregulated miR-27a was found in synovial tissues and cartilage tissues of KOA rats. Upregulated miR-27a and downregulated PLK2 inhibited synovial injury and promoted apoptosis of synovial cells, inhibited synovial angiogenesis, inhibited cartilage injury and chondrocyte apoptosis, inhibited cartilage collagen destruction, and alleviates inflammatory injury of synovial tissue and cartilage tissue in KOA rats. Overexpression of PLK2 reverses the effect of upregulation of miR-27a on synovial angiogenesis and chondrocyte injury in KOA rats. Our study suggests that upregulation of miR-27a inhibits synovial angiogenesis and chondrocyte apoptosis in KOA rats through the inhibition of PLK2.     

BTNL2、DVWA基因多态性与青海地区回族原发性膝骨关节炎的相关性

摘要 目的：探讨BTNL2、DVWA基因多态性与青海地区回族原发性膝骨关节炎的相关性。方法：选取2018年12月至2020年5月本院确诊膝骨关节炎患者100例作为病例组,同时选取同期健康体检人群100例作为对照组。通过标准聚合酶链反应和限制性片段长度多态性 (PCR-RLFP)对BTNL2 rs10947262、DVWA rs11718863基因多态性进行检查,同时检查血清BTNL2、DVWA、hs-CRP、IL-4、IL-6、MMP-2、TNF-α、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C水平。分析BTNL2、DVWA基因多态性与原发性膝骨关节炎的相关性。结果：病例组血清BTNL2、DVWA、hs-CRP、IL-4、IL-6、MMP-2、TNF-α水平明显高于对照组（P<0.05）。病例组BTNL2 rs10947262 AA基因型比例高于对照组（62.00% vs 24.00%）（P<0.05）;BTNL2 rs10947262 AA基因型能增加原发性膝骨关节炎易感性（OR=11.32、95%CI：5.96~22.98）（P<0.05）。病例组BTNL2 rs10947262 A等位基因频率比例高于对照组（76.00% vs 39.00%）（P<0.05）;BTNL2 rs10947262 A等位基因频率能增加原发性膝骨关节炎易感性（OR=2.95、95%CI：2.45~3.72）（P<0.05）。病例组DVWA rs11718863 AA基因型比例高于对照组组（58.00% vs 20.00%）（P<0.05）;DVWA rs11718863 AA基因型能增加原发性膝骨关节炎易感性（OR=10.26、95%CI：5.12~25.63）（P<0.05）。病例组DVWA rs11718863 A等位基因频率比例高于对照组（68.00% vs 50.00%）（P<0.05）;DVWA rs11718863 A等位基因频率能增加原发性膝骨关节炎易感性（OR=2.69、95%CI：2.10~4.26）（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析发现：血清BTNL2、DVWA水平升高、BTNL2 AA基因型比例、BTNL2 A等位基因型比例、DVWA AA基因型比例、DVWA A等位基因型比例升高为原发性膝骨关节炎发生的危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论：BTNL2 rs10947262 AA基因型、A等位基因频率,DVWA rs11718863 AA基因型、A等位基因频率增加可能与青海地区回族原发性膝骨关节炎易感相关。     

盐酸氨基葡萄糖联合非甾体抗炎药治疗中度膝关节骨关节炎的临床研究

目的:探讨盐酸氨基葡萄糖联合非甾体抗炎药治疗中度膝关节骨关节炎的临床疗效。方法:收集2010年5月至2013年9月我院中度膝关节骨关节炎患者214例,随机分为实验组和对照组各107例,对照组单独给予盐酸氨基葡萄糖治疗,实验组给予盐酸氨基葡萄糖联合非甾体抗炎药治疗,于用药后2、4、8、12周对比两组Lequesne评分、治疗效果和不良反应。结果:两组治疗前Lequesne评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。实验组用药后2、4、8、12周Lequesne评分均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),且两组Lequesne评分均于用药后2、4周达到最低;用药12周后,两组有效率均有所下降,实验组用药后2、4、8、12周有效率均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且两组有效率均于用药后2、4周达到最高;实验组不良反应发生率为6.54%(7/107),显著高于对照组的3.74%(4/107),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 :盐酸氨基葡萄糖联合非甾体抗炎药治疗中度膝关节骨关节炎短期疗效较好,长期服用副作用大,临床应推荐2-4周内短期服用。     

Effect of conformity and contact stress on wear in fixed-bearing total knee prostheses

Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (PE) remains the primary bearing surface of choice in total knee replacements (TKR). Wear is controlled by levels of cross-shear motion and contact stress. The aim of this study was to compare the wear of fixed-bearing total knee replacements with curved and flat inserts and to test the hypothesis that the flat inserts which give higher contact stresses and smaller contact areas would lead to lower levels of surface wear. A low-conforming, high contact stress knee with a low-medium level of cross shear resulted in significantly lower wear rates in comparison to a standard cruciate sacrificing fixed-bearing knee. The low wear solution found in the knee simulator was supported by fundamental studies of wear as a function of pressure and cross shear in the pin on plate system. Current designs of fixed-bearing knees do not offer this low wear solution due to their medium cross shear, moderate conformity and medium contact stress.     

内侧开放楔形胫骨高位截骨术治疗膝关节内翻畸形的疗效及对术后下肢力线和创伤应激的影响

摘要 目的：对比内侧开放楔形胫骨高位截骨术（OWHTO）、人工全膝关节置换术（TKA）治疗膝关节内翻畸形的疗效及对术后下肢力线和创伤应激的影响。方法：回顾性分析贵州医科大学附属医院2020年3月~2022年1月期间接收的膝关节内翻畸形患者临床资料,共计75例。根据手术方案的不同分为OWHTO组（n=40）和TKA组（n=35）。对比两组围术期指标、视觉疼痛模拟评分（VAS）评分、美国特种外科医院（HSS）膝关节评分、膝关节活动度（ROM）、应激指标和术后下肢力线改变情况。结果：OWHTO组手术时间、切口长度短于TKA组,术中出血量、住院费用少于TKA组（P<0.05）。OWHTO组术后1个月VAS评分低于TKA组,ROM、HSS膝关节评分高于对照组（P<0.05）。OWHTO组术后3 d、术后7 d血清皮质醇（COR）、促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）水平低于TKA组（P<0.05）。两组术后6个月股胫角（FTA）下降,髋-膝-踝角（HKA）升高（P<0.05）。两组术后6个月FTA、HKA组间对比差异不显著（P>0.05）。两组并发症发生率组间对比未见差异（P>0.05）。结论：OWHTO、TKA这两种治疗方案治疗膝关节内翻畸形,具有相当的疗效,均可有效改善下肢力线,但OWHTO的创伤小、应激程度轻。     

Anatomy of the feeding apparatus of the nurse shark,Ginglymostoma cirratum

The anatomy of the feeding apparatus of the nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum, was investigated by gross dissection and computer axial tomography. The labial cartilages, jaws, jaw suspension, muscles, and ligaments of the head are described. Palatoquadrate cartilages articulate with the chondrocranium caudally by short, laterally projecting hyomandibulae and rostrally by ethmoorbital articulations. Short orbital processes of the palatoquadrates are joined to the ethmoid region of the chondrocranium by short, thin ethmopalatine ligaments. In addition, various ligaments, muscles, and the integument contribute to the suspension of the jaws. When the mouth is closed and the palatoquadrate retracted, the palatine process of the palatoquadrate is braced against the ventral surface of the nasal capsule and the ascending process of the palatoquadrate is in contact with the rostrodorsal end of the suborbital shelf. When the mandible is depressed and the palatoquadrate protrudes slightly rostroventrally, the palatoquadrate moves away from the chondrocranium. A dual articulation of the quadratomandibular joint restricts lateral movement between the mandible and the palatoquadrate. The vertically oriented preorbitalis muscle spans the gape and is hypothesized to contribute to the generation of powerful crushing forces for its hard prey. The attachment of the preorbitalis to the prominent labial cartilages is also hypothesized to assist in the retraction of the labial cartilages during jaw closure. Separate levator palatoquadrati and spiracularis muscles, which are longitudinally oriented and attach the chondrocranium to the palatoquadrate, are hypothesized to assist in the retraction of the palatoquadrate during the recovery phase of feeding kinematics. Morphological specializations for suction feeding that contribute to large subambient suction pressures include hypertrophied coracohyoideus and coracobranchiales muscles to depress the hyoid and branchial arches, a small oral aperture with well‐developed labial cartilages that occlude the gape laterally, and small teeth. J. Morphol. 241:33–60, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Preliminary report on treatment of bone tumors with microwave-induced hyperthermia

Between July, 1992, and February, 1995, 62 patients with various bone tumors were treated with microwave-induced hyperthermia. The series had 47 cases of malignant tumors and 15 cases with benign tumors; most of the tumors occurred at or near knee joints (53/62 = 85.4%). The surgical procedure consisted of separating the tumorous segment from surrounding normal tissues with a safe margin, cooling the normal tissues (including the vital neurovascular bundle and the intrajoint structures) with a water circulation system while heating the tumor simultaneously with the microwave antenna array, and providing an adequate soft-tissue cover for the dead bone. The tumor core temperature and the surface temperature reached 108 and 65 °C, respectively. The duration of microwave irradiation was usually 40–50 minutes. Meanwhile, the temperature of the normal tissues was kept under 39 °C. The minimal and maximal periods of clinical observation were 3 months and 36 months, respectively, and the mean follow-up period was 17 months. The 62 cases were evaluated from both oncological and orthopedic points of view. Five cases had local recurrence and required amputation. The 57 other cases had excellent local control. Six malignancy cases died of lung metastasis during a period of 1–2 years. Pathological fracture occurred at devitalized bone in five cases. In most of the cases, the knee joints functioned well, were stable and painless, and had almost full range of motion. Single-photon emission-computed tomography study in 16 cases revealed that revascularization of the devitalized tumorous bone segment could be accomplished in 1 year or more. These results show that the use of microwave hyperthermia for the treatment of bone tumors can be considered to be a definitive operation procedure that is safe and is well tolerated by patients. The oncological and orthopedic results are very encouraging. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.