Seasonal changes in the microbial population of the water column and sediments of the Ongagawa River,northern Kyushu,Japan

The total viable count, population density of Escherichia coli and coliform bacteria, and nitrogen in the microbiomass (microbiomass-N) in sediments were monitored monthly at 12 points in the Ongagawa River basin from June 2002 to May 2006. The measurement of the sediment microbiomass-N was used for evaluation of the sediment’s microbial population in the river ecosystem. An extraordinarily high population of E. coli was observed during the season when there was stagnant water in the basin, with a high population and an insufficient drain diffusion system, and, thus hydrological water control is indispensable to prevent rapid E. coli growth. Microbiomass-N in sediments showed a negative correlation or independent fluctuation in relation to the bacterial population in the water column of the river. Seasonal changes in extracted nitrogen (N) in river sediments did not show correspondence with microbiomass-N in sediments. The microbiomass-N in sediments changed independently of the bacterial population in the river water, indicating that the high population of bacteria in the water does not lead to a high microbial population in river sediments. Ordination of the microbial parameters by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that microbiomass-N in sediments was quite different from other parameters. Relatively higher H⁺ (lower pH), PO₄ ³⁻ concentration and dissolved oxygen (DO) were the determinant parameters of higher microbiomass-N in sediments. A relative microbial abundance between the water column and sediments as well as each of the microbial populations in the water column and sediments could be a quantitative parameter for evaluating the biochemical processes of stream water.     

青藏高原东缘风毛菊亚属16种植物果皮微形态研究

采用扫描电子显微镜对青藏高原东缘风毛菊亚属中的16种植物果实表皮微形态特征进行观察,结果表明：（1）果皮纹饰类型为：条纹型,有隔条纹型和网纹型。（2）根据种内个体间、组内种间以及组间的比较, 认为在风毛菊亚属中, 果实表皮显微特征在种内个体间比较稳定, 变异很小; 同组内种间表现出较大的相似性而不同组间存在着一定差异。说明在组和组下等级的分类学处理以及在系统位置和亲缘关系的探讨上, 果实显微特征具有重要的分类学价值。     

切开复位内固定治疗高能量胫骨平台骨折

目的：探讨高能量胫骨平台骨折的治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析我院自1996年1月-2002年12月收治高能量伤所致胫骨平台骨折患者38例．骨折按Schatzker分类：Ⅳ型骨折11例;V型骨折18例;Ⅵ型骨折9例,均采用了切开复位,T型和L型钢板固定治疗。结果：35例获得随访,平均随访4．5月(6—29月)。功能评价采用Mechant评分标准,优良率为80％。结论：手术治疗高能量胫骨平台骨折必须着重于早期正确处理软组织损伤、骨折的解剖复位、坚强的内固定。     

Keystone status of plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae): effect of control on biodiversity of native birds

The plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) of the Qinghai–Xizang (Tibetan) plateau, People's Republic of China, has been considered a pest because it putatively competes with native livestock for forage and contributes to rangeland degradation. As a result the plateau pika has been poisoned across vast areas of the high alpine meadows of the plateau. The plateau pika has also been considered a keystone species for biodiversity on the plateau. As one test of the keystone species hypothesis, we investigated the effects of poisoning plateau pikas on avian species richness and abundance. We conducted standardized censuses of birds on a number of sites across the alpine grassland of Qinghai province on which pikas either had or had not been poisoned. Avian species richness and abundance were higher on non-poisoned sites, in particular for species that nest in pika burrows such as Hume's groundpecker (Pseudopodoces humilis) and six species of snowfinch (Montifringilla spp., Pyrgilauda spp.), and species that prey on pikas (upland buzzard, Buteo hemilasius; black-eared kite, Milvus lineatus). The plateau pika thus appears to be both an allogenic engineer and a keystone species. Poisoning pikas reduces biodiversity of native species on the Qinghai–Xizang plateau, therefore management decisions concerning plateau pikas should reflect caution and careful assessment.     

Hydrogeochemical and biological characteristics of cenotes in the Yucatan Peninsula (SE Mexico)

Cenotes (sinkholes) are the most peculiar aquatic ecosystem of the Yucatan Peninsula (SE Mexico). They are formed by dissolution of the carbonate rock in the karstic platform of the Yucatan Peninsula. A wide morphological variety is observed from caves filled with ground water to open cenotes. In some cenotes, particularly those close to the sea, underneath the fresh water one finds saltwater, where meromixis can take place. This occurs because in the Yucatan Peninsula there is a thin lens (10s of meters thick) that floats above denser saline water. In these cenotes, a relative enrichment of sodium related to calcium is observed while conductivity increases. In contrast, a higher increase of calcium associated to sulfate is observed in cenotes located in SE Yucatan Peninsula. A marked vertical stratification of the water is established during the warm and rainy season of the year (May–October). In cenotes with good hydraulic connection with the rest of the aquifer, the water remains clear during most of the year. However, cenotes with poor hydraulic connection with the aquifer are characterized by turbid waters and very low light transparency. In this group of cenotes, the water column contains a high concentration of chlorophyll (mostly due to chlorophyceans, cyanobacteria, diatoms and dinoflagellates); the hypolimnion and the sediment are rich in organic matter and anaerobic bacteria mediated biogeochemical processes are dominant. The upper part of the cenotes walls is well illuminated and covered by a rich microbial mat. Floating macrophytes may also occupy part of the water surface in oligotrophic cenotes. A great variety of food web paths are represented in the habitats occurring in the cenotes, in which few trophic levels are involved. A few endemic species (crustaceans and fishes) have been reported from cenotes found in the Yucatan Peninsula. Because of the high organic matter input (alochthonous) and production (autochthonous) and the low water flow, cenotes can be considered heterotrophic systems.     

陕北黄土区封禁流域坡面微地形植被特征分异

以陕西省吴起县合沟流域内微地形及原状坡面的植被调查数据为基础,研究浅沟、切沟、塌陷、缓台和陡坎5种黄土高原典型微地形植被特征及其与原状坡面的差异.结果表明： 黄土区封禁流域坡面微地形内植物群落物种组成、数量特征及其多样性存在明显差异.经过12年的自然恢复,研究区域形成以铁杆蒿和茭蒿为优势种的草本群落,伴生种中,陡坎和切沟出现灌木扁核木和柠条,缓台出现湿生性植物芦苇.微地形植被的盖度、平均高度和生物量多优于原状坡面,且以切沟和塌陷最为显著.不同微地形Shannon指数的大小顺序为陡坎＞切沟＞浅沟＞原状坡面＞缓台＞塌陷.     

喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤矿物质的组成特征与作用

基于喀斯特峰丛洼地农作区、人工林、次生林、原生林4类典型生态系统动态监测样地(200 m×40 m)土壤矿质养分因子(7个)、植被(9个)、地形(4个)、土壤理化性状(10个)共计30个指标的全面调查取样分析,采用经典统计分析、主成分分析和典范相关分析探讨了土壤矿物质的组成特征、作用以及与植被、地形、其他土壤性状的耦合关系.结果表明： 喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤矿物质组成以SiO2、Al2O3、K2O、Fe2O3为主,明显低于全球土壤平均背景值和同区域地带性红壤,CaO、MgO含量居中,MnO含量很低;不同生态系统土壤矿物质组成和变异不同,土壤的发育程度也不同,植被和土壤的原生性呈同比正相关,均有潜在的石漠化风险;4类生态系统景观异质性高,主成分分析的降维效果不好,土壤矿物质均为各生态系统的主要影响因子,且与植被、地形、其他土壤性状的关系非常密切,特别是SiO2、CaO和MnO,其中对植被的影响主要是物种多样性,对土壤则为有机质、全氮、全钾等主要养分.土壤矿物质是影响喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤肥力和植物生长发育的限制因子之一,有效利用矿物质资源、合理施用矿质养分对喀斯特退化生态系统的恢复与重建作用重大.     

百色高岭坡旧石器遗址1993年发掘简报

本文是对1993年度高岭坡遗址发掘情况的初步研究。本次发掘共揭露面积40m2, 获得石制品445件(7件采集), 并在同层发现了玻璃陨石。石制品包括石片、断块、工具和备料; 其中石片和断块占绝大多数, 没有发现石核。工具有以砾石为毛坯的各类砍砸器和以石片为毛坯的鸟喙状器; 石片特点揭示剥片程度很高, 剥片程序复杂。高比例各类石片的存在揭示该发掘区位于一石器制造场内, 反映出该遗址古人类石器制作工序的行为片段, 与百色盆地旧石器遗址中常见的大型工具的制作存在密切联系。     

弄岗北热带喀斯特季节性雨林15 ha监测样地的树种组成与空间分布

北热带喀斯特季节性雨林(northern tropical karst seasonal rain forest)是在我国热带北缘喀斯特地区分布的典型森林植被类型之一。由于富钙偏碱的地球化学背景及多样性的生境类型, 同时受季风气候影响, 该森林呈现群落结构多样、树种组成丰富、特有成分突出等特点。基于大型固定监测样地对该森林树种组成与空间分布进行的研究, 是探明该区域生物多样性形成与维持机制的基础。我们于2011年底建立了广西弄岗北热带喀斯特季节性雨林15 ha监测样地, 依照CTFS (Center for Tropical Forest Science)全球森林生物多样性监测规范, 定位并调查了样地内每一棵胸径≥1 cm的木本植物。结果表明: (1)样地内有监测树种223种, 隶属于56科157属; 独立个体总数为68,010株(含分枝为95,471株), 平均胸径为4.84 cm; (2)树种科、属的区系均以热带成分为主, 大戟科、马鞭草科、梧桐科等为优势科; (3)个体数最多的11个树种的个体数之和占到总个体数的51.64%, 前58个树种的占90.19%; 稀有种有75种, 占总树种数的33.63%; (4)群落结构稳定且更新良好, 主要优势种的径级结构均呈倒“J”形, 无明显断层; (5)树种分布在空间上表现出明显差异, 黄梨木(Boniodendron minus)等强耐旱型树种分布于山顶周围; 蚬木(Excentrodendron tonkinense)等树种分布于山坡中部; 对叶榕(Ficus hispida)等喜湿耐荫型树种分布于山谷周围; (6)胸径>20 cm的个体较多分布在山坡中下部, 极少分布在山顶周围; 胸径10–20 cm的个体较均匀分布于整个样地; 分枝和萌枝较多分布在山顶周围; (7)种–面积散点图在2–7 ha的取样面积下分化形成两条曲线, 表明了树种数量组成在空间上具有强烈异质性。研究初步认为: 强烈生境异质性及独特地质背景可能是影响该喀斯特森林物种组成及空间分布的重要因素。     

桂西北喀斯特森林植物-凋落物-土壤生态化学计量特征

探明我国西南喀斯特生态脆弱区植被恢复重建背景下, 森林植物、凋落物与土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量特征有助于深入地认识喀斯特森林生态系统养分循环规律和系统稳定机制。该文选取桂西北典型喀斯特地区域3个原生林群落和3个自然恢复28年的次生林群落, 研究其“植物-凋落物-土壤”连续体的C、N、P化学计量学特征及其内在关联。结果表明: 1)圆果化香树(Platycarya longipes)、伞花木(Eurycorymbus cavaleriei)和青檀(Pteroceltis tatarinowii)以及圆叶乌桕(Sapium rotundifolium)、八角枫(Alangium chinense)和黄荆(Vitex negundo) 6种植物的C、N、P平均含量分别为427.5、21.2、1.2 mg·g^-1; 凋落物C、N、P平均含量分别为396.2、12.7、0.9 mg·g^-1, 而表层土壤(0-10 cm) C、N、P平均含量分别为92.0、6.35和1.5 mg·g^-1。2)原生林N再吸收率(平均值为42.7%)高于次生林(平均值为36.5%), P再吸收率(20.4%)显著低于次生林(32.3%) (p < 0.05); 6个森林群落N的再吸收率均大于P的再吸收率。3)不同群落凋落物的C:N值差异不显著, 原生林植物的C:N值小于次生林、土壤C:N显著大于次生林; 原生林土壤C:P与次生林无显著差异, 植物与凋落物C:P小于次生林; 原生林凋落物与土壤N:P值小于次生林, 植物N:P比平均值均为17.4。4)研究区典型森林群落植物中N和P含量呈显著的正相关关系, 植物C:N与N:P、C:P与N:P比值均无明显相关关系; 经过对数变换后的土壤C:N与N:P呈显著负相关关系, 凋落物的C:P与N:P值呈极显著正相关关系。研究结果可为我国西南典型喀斯特脆弱生态区的生态功能恢复与植被重建提供科学依据。