红豆杉采穗圃营建技术

红豆杉是提取紫杉醇 (Taxol)等有效抗癌药物及其前体的主要原料 ,其人工原料林的培育是目前获得原料最简单、最经济的途径 ,采穗圃是提供原料林繁殖材料的基础。文章从苗木培育、圃地选择、造林技术等方面介绍了红豆杉采穗圃的营建技术。并对在丽江、漕涧、昆明和马关等地建立的红豆杉采穗圃的穗条产量及发展前景进行了分析     

乙醇浸提法提取大枣芦丁及其抗氧化性的研究

以大枣为原料,采用乙醇浸提法提取芦丁,以芦丁得率为评价指标,通过正交试验优化影响大枣芦丁得率的若干因素:液料比、乙醇浓度、浸提时间、浸提温度,确定其最佳工艺条件为液料比20∶1(mL∶g)、乙醇浓度60%、浸提时间3.0 h、浸提温度70℃,此条件下大枣芦丁得率为2.16%;大枣芦丁粗提物中芦丁含量为8.57%。对芦丁进行体外抗氧化能力测定结果表明,大枣芦丁具有一定的清除DPPH自由基的能力,5μg/mL的大枣芦丁对DPPH自由基的清除率可达到58.80%,25μg/mL的芦丁对OH自由基的清除率达49.80%,本研究对芦丁资源的进一步开发利用提供参考。     

Leafrollers in apple IPM under regimes based on Bacillus thuringiensis, on diflubenzuron, or on epofenonane

Three selective insecticides for leafroller control were evaluated as part of research efforts for refinement of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in apple orchards in the Netherlands. Population levels, injury to fruits and degree of parasitism of leafrollers were studied in 0.5–1 ha plots of an experimental orchard. Plots were sprayed during 5 consecutive years with either Dimilin^® (diflubenzuron, a chitine synthesis inhibitor), a strain of Bacillus thuringiensis or epofenonane, a juvenile hormone analogue. Dipel and Dimilin were not sufficiently effective in reducing population levels and degree of fruit injury. Hard to control pests in Dipel-treated plots were especially Pandemis heparana, Spilonota ocellana and Laspeyresia pomonella and in Dimilin treated plots P. heparana and Adoxophyes orana.Epofenonane could not be evaluated properly because of interference by immigration of moths from nearby untreated plots.

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Résumé L'étude a porté sur la protection, par 3 insecticides sélectifs, de vergers attaqués par des tordeuses. Ce travail constitue une part des travaux menés aux Pays-bas pour améliorer la lutte intégrée dans les vergers.Nous avons étudié les niveaux des populations de tordeuses, leurs dégâts sur fruits, ainsi que les taux de parasitisme, dans un verger expérimental divisé en parcelles de 0,5 à I ha.Pendant 5 années consécutives, les différentes parcelles ont subi des pulvérisations de Dimiline (diflubenzuron), inhibiteur de la synthèse de chitine, de Dipel (B. thuringiensis), et enfin d'épophénonane, un analogue de l'hormone juvénile.Le Dipel et la Dimiline ont présenté peu d'efficacité dans la réduction des populations et du niveau des dégâts. Les insectes particulièrement difficiles à contrôler sont, respectivement, dans les vergers traités par le Dipel: Pandemis heparana (Denn. et Schiff.), Spilonota ocellana (F.) et Laspeyresia pomonella (L.), et dans ceux traites par la Dimiline: P. heparana et Adoxophyes orana (F.v.R). Nous n'avons pas pu évaluer l'effet de l'épophénonane d'une fâçon satisfaisante, en raison des réinfestations par des papillons venant de terrains voisins hébergeant des populations élevées de tordeuses.

     

The use of the Insect Growth Regulators fenoxycarb and epofenonane against leafrollers in Integrated Pest Management in apple orchards

The applicability of the Insect Growth Regulators (IGR) with juvenile-hormone activity, epofenonane and fenoxycarb, was investigated in an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program in six apple orchards during 1977–1983, against tortricid larvae. In some of these orchards Adoxophyes orana (F.v.R.) was the main pest species, and in others Pandemis heparana (Denn. & Schiff), Archips podana (Scop.) and Archips rosana (L.) were predominant.The IGR was sprayed twice at the time of emergence of last-instar larvae in spring, and resulted in adequate reduction of the numbers of the leafroller complex during the rest of the year. Reinfestation by moths never resulted in an increase to a harmful population level. IGR treatments kept fruit damage by leafrollers at a low level.

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Utilisation de deux régulateurs de croissance d'insectes (RCI), l'épofénonane et le fénoxycarbe, en lutte intégrée contre les tordeuses des vergers de pommiers

Résumé L'épofénonane et le fénoxycarbe, deux régulateurs de croissance d'insectes (RCI) analogues de l'hormone juvénile, ont été testés contre les tordeuses de 1977 à 1983 dans 6 vergers de pommiers conduits en lutte intégrée. Dans certains vergers, l'espèce la plus abondante était Adoxophyes orana, dans d'autres par contre Pandemis heparana, Archips podana ou Archips rosana étaient dominantes.Cette étude vise à déterminer: (a) si l'immigration à partir de vergers voisins, en particulier de l'espèce bivoltine A. orana, peut compromettre le succès de la lutte; (b) si deux applications annuelles de RCI suffisent pour lutter simultanément contre plusieurs espèces différentes de tordeuses.L'importance de l'immigration est estimée en comparant les résultats obtenus avec les RCI dans des vergers isolés et non isolés.Deux traitements aux RCI sont effectués au printemps au moment où les larves de la génération hivernante sont au dernier stade. Ces traitements conduisant à une réduction remarquable pour le reste de l'année du complexe des tordeuses y compris A. orana, quelque soit la situation du verger. Une réinfestation ultérieure n'a jamais provoqué un dépassement du seuil économique de tolérance. L'application des RCI a permis de maintenir les attaques de tordeuses sur fruits à un bas niveau. Les RCI preentent un intérêt considérable pour la lutte intégrée contre les tordeuses car les autres moyens sélectifs disponibles actuellement sont peu efficaces.

     

Intergrated pest management in Swiss apple orchards: Stability and risks

In recent years, a system of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) has been introduced in many Swiss apple orchards. It is based on monitoring pests and natural enemies, on a package of selective pesticides and on biological control of phytophagous mites by typhlodromids. Some natural control has also been introduced for aphids and leafrollers. Stability of this approach is offered by natural control and by monitoring. Risks exist in two fields: Selective pesticides may disappear due to resistance and to other undesirable side effects. Outbreaks of secondary pests occur and will continue to do so in the future. In the past few years populations of scale insects and of Grapholita prunivorana (Rag.) have built up to damaging levels in some regions.     

Commercial inundative releases ofTrichogrammatoidea cryptophlebiae [Hym.: Trichogrammatidae] againstCryptophlebia leucotreta [Lep.: Tortricidae] in citrus

Inundative releases of the egg parasitoidTrichogrammatoidea cryptophlebiae Nagaraja were made againstCryptophlebia leucotreta (Meyrick) on 5 commercial citrus farms in the western Cape Province, South Africa, over 2 successive seasons. A target release volume of 80 000 parasitoids ha⁻¹ week⁻¹ was established for releases over 29 and 33 weeks during the 2 seasons. Total seasonal volumes reached an equivalent of 2.3 and 3.8 million parasitoids ha⁻¹ respectively. Compared with check treatments on each farm, larval population size was reduced in the release areas by 54% in the 1^st and by almost 60% in the 2^nd season. Percentage crop loss was reduced by 49.4±12.4 and 61.1±8.3% respectively. Treatment effects were clearly related to increases in rate of parasitism measured in both artificially-placed and in nativeC. leucotreta egg populations. Treatment efficacy is similar to that obtained with applications of chitin synthesis inhibitors but parasitoid production costs are 30% of insecticide costs. Manual distribution of parasitoids is labour intensive, however, and further studies should investigate whether inoculative releases at higher rates per week over a shorter period, are effective.      

Effect of an Antagonistic Yeast in Combination with Microwave Treatment on Postharvest Blue Mould Rot of Jujube Fruit

The potential of using an antagonistic yeast alone or in combination with microwave treatment for controlling blue mould rot of jujube fruit, and its effect on postharvest quality of fruit, was investigated. The results showed that the growth of Penicillium citrinum was completely inhibited by a 2450‐MHz microwave heating for 2 or more minutes in vitro. The population density of P. citrinum in surface wounds of fruit treated with microwave treatment for 2–3 min was significantly lower than that of controls. When tested on jujube fruit, antagonistic yeast or microwave treatment, as stand‐alone treatment, the disease incidence of infected wounds was reduced from 100% to 45.0% and 36.0%, and lesion diameters were reduced from 1.92 cm to 1.50 cm and 1.38 cm, respectively. However, in fruit treated with a combination of Metschnikowia pulcherrima and microwave treatment, the disease incidence of infected wounds and lesion diameters was only 21.0% and 1.00 cm, respectively. The natural decay incidence on jujube fruit treated with the combination of microwave treatment and M. pulcherrima was 6.2% after storage at 2 ± 1°C for 45 days and at 22°C for 7 days. None of the treatments impaired quality parameters of fruits. Thus, the combination of microwave treatment and M. pulcherrima could provide an alternative to synthetic fungicides for controlling postharvest blue mould rot of jujube fruit.     

The interaction of a Botanophila fly species with an exotic Epichloë fungus in a cultivated grass: fungivore or mutualist?

Epichloë spp. (Ascomycetes: Clavicipitaceae) are endophytic fungii of Pooid grasses that cause choke disease, the suppression of seed production. They also host Botanophila spp. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), the larvae of which feed on the fungus. Studies on Epichloë elymi on wild grasses indicate that the flies transfer spermatia between Epichloë mating types, thereby affecting cross‐fertilization, suggesting that the fungus–fly interaction reflects obligatory mutualism. Epichloë typhina, inadvertently introduced into western USA, was first detected in cultivated Dactylis glomerata L. fields in 1996. It spread rapidly, raising concerns about impacts on seed production. The present study was conducted to address questions pertaining to the occurrence and nature of the fungus–fly interaction in the new habitat of E. typhina. The first report of an endemic Botanophila species associated with E. typhina in Oregon is presented here. Surveys of D. glomerata fields indicated no correlation between fly abundance and fungal fertilization. In one field, no fly eggs or larvae were detected, but fertilized stromata were universally present. The fly was established in the remaining 12 fields surveyed, but while the number of stromata with fly larvae ranged from 6 to 98%, stromata development was uniform. Up to 10 larvae were present on a stroma, and these consumed >90% of the perithecia. Comparisons of pupal weights indicated that the fungal resource was not limiting, even at high larval densities. An exclusion study in a D. glomerata field also indicated that E. typhina fertilization occurred without the fly. In Oregon, the fly clearly benefits from the association with the fungus, but there is no evidence of benefit to the fungus. Thus if obligatory mutualism in the fungus–fly relationship described from the midwestern USA is the norm, our studies suggest a shift in the interaction to one of simple foraging on the fungus by fly larvae.