菌藻共生系统对序批式反应器处理养猪废水脱氮除磷效果及微生物群落结构的影响

【背景】养猪废水作为高浓度有机废水,是导致我国农业面源污染的主要因素之一。目前采用菌藻共生系统处理养猪废水越来越受到关注,与传统序批式反应器(Sequencing Batch Reactor,SBR)相比,藻辅助SBR具有提高脱氮除磷效果、增加污泥活性和降低能源消耗的特点。【目的】针对SBR中菌藻共生系统对养猪废水脱氮除磷效能的影响,比较分析菌藻共生系统与常规SBR系统中污泥特性及微生物群落结构特征差异。【方法】在室温条件下分别平行运行SBR+微藻(R1)和作为对照系统不添加微藻的SBR(R2)。监测R1和R2系统废水处理效果,污泥的粒径、沉降性和代谢产物等污泥特性。利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis,DGGE)技术分析R1和R2系统中的微生物种类和分布。【结果】与对照R2反应器相比,R1的化学需氧量(Chemical Oxygen Demand,COD)去除率提高了5.1%,NH4+-N提高了20.3%,总氮(Total Nitrogen,TN)提高了19.4%,总磷(Total Phosphorus,TP)提高了23.9%。进一步对反应器中的污泥特性进行分析发现,与R2相比,R1的胞外聚合物(ExtracellularPolymericSubstances,EPS)平均含量提高3.7%,可溶性微生物产物(Soluble MicrobialProduct,SMP)平均增加了38.5%。同时R1的污泥粒径较R2提高了14.8%,污泥体积指数(Sludge Volume Index,SVI)值较R2降低了11.7%,污泥的好氧呼吸速率(Specific Oxygen Uptake Rate,SOUR)较R2提高了64.8%,而且稳定的菌藻共生系统的形成进一步减少反应器出水中的悬浮固体浓度,表明藻类的添加对R1污泥特性具有改良作用【结论】R1反应器形成的菌藻共生体系可进一步优化微生物群落结构,其中放线菌纲(Actinobacteria)、α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)和γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)为R1反应器的主要菌群,对养猪废水的处理起到重要作用。R1反应器中的藻类主要为链带藻属(Desmodesmus)和尖带藻属(Acutodesmus),对养猪废水的脱氮除磷起到重要作用。     

Sequencing batch membrane biofilm reactor for simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal: novel application of membrane-aerated biofilm

A sequencing batch membrane biofilm reactor (SBMBfR) was developed for simultaneous carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus removal from wastewater. This reactor was composed of two functional parts: (1) a gas-permeable membrane on which a nitrifying biofilm formed and (2) a bulk solution in which bacteria, mainly denitrifying polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (DNPAOs), were suspended. The reactor was operated sequentially under anaerobic condition and then under membrane aeration condition in one cycle. During the anaerobic period, organic carbon was consumed by DNPAOs; this was accompanied by phosphate release. During the subsequent membrane aeration period, nitrifying bacteria utilized oxygen supplied directly to them from the inside of the membrane. Consequently, the nitrite and nitrate products diffused into the bulk solution, where they were used by DNPAOs as electron acceptors for phosphate uptake. In a long-term sequencing batch operation, the mean removal efficiencies of total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (T-N), and total phosphorus (T-P) under steady-state condition were 99%, 96%, and 90%, respectively. In addition, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) clearly demonstrated the difference in bacterial community structure between the membrane biofilm and the suspended sludge: ammonia-oxidizing bacteria belonging to the Nitrosomonas group were dominant in the region adjacent to the membrane throughout the operation, and the occupation ratio of the well-known polyphosphate-accumulating organism (PAO) Candidatus "Accumulibacter phosphates" in the suspended sludge gradually increased to a maximum of 37%.     

Effects of reactor temperature and sample mass on the activation of biological and geological materials with a SLOWPOKE reactor

Neutron activation analysis with a SLOWPOKE reactor relies on the stability of the neutron flux in the irradiation sites. Flux monitors were irradiated to measure the flux variation with the reactor temperature and with the amount of moderator in the irradiation vial. The thermal flux decreased by 2.7% for a 10‡C increase in reactor temperature. The thermal flux increased by up to 8% and the fast flux decreased by up to 13% depending on sample size and hydrogen content.     

Performance of cross-linked enzyme crystals of engineered halohydrin dehalogenase HheG in different chemical reactor systems

Halohydrin dehalogenase HheG is an industrially interesting biocatalyst for the preparation of different β-substituted alcohols starting from bulky internal epoxides. We previously demonstrated that the immobilization of different HheG variants in the form of cross-linked enzyme crystals (CLECs) yielded stable and reusable enzyme immobilizes with increased resistance regarding temperature, pH, and the presence of organic solvents. Now, to further establish their preparative applicability, HheG D114C CLECs cross-linked with bis-maleimidoethane have been successfully produced on a larger scale using a stirred crystallization approach, and their application in different chemical reactor types (stirred tank reactor, fluidized bed reactor, and packed bed reactor) was systematically studied and compared for the ring opening of cyclohexene oxide with azide. This revealed the highest obtained space-time yield of 23.9 kg_product g_CLEC⁻¹ h⁻¹ L_{reactor volume}⁻¹ along with the highest achieved product enantiomeric excess [64%] for application in a packed-bed reactor. Additionally, lyophilization of those CLECs yielded a storage-stable HheG preparation that still retained 67% of initial activity (after lyophilization) after 6 months of storage at room temperature.     

Optimized enzymatic synthesis of the food additive polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) using Novozym® 435 in a solvent free system

Polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) is used as an emulsifier in the food industry, especially in chocolate coatings and chocolate bars. PGPR improves the characteristics of molten chocolate by reducing yield stress, facilitating the coating of confectionery pieces, while limiting the amount of cocoa butter involved.The enzymatic synthesis of PGPR catalyzed by lipases presents several advantages over chemical synthesis, including enzyme specificity and the mild conditions needed, thereby avoiding undesirable side-reactions and by-products. A novel process to synthesize PGPR using a biocatalyst, Novozym^® 435, is presented. Novozym^® 435 is appropriate for catalyzing both the reactions involved in this process. A PGPR fulfilling European specifications for this food additive as well as recommendations set out in the Food Chemical Codex, was obtained using a discontinuous vacuum reactor with a dry nitrogen flow. In addition, the biocatalyst reuse would decrease costs. Moreover, it was confirmed that the ability to obtain PGPR in a one-step reaction significantly shortens the time required.     

Development of an obligate anaerobe specific biocide

Summary Anaerobic bacteria, such as sulfate-reducing bacteria and clostridia, are capable of generating H₂S and organic acids which corrode metallurgy resulting in millions of dollars of damage to industry annually. The bacteria are obligate anaerobes which grow typically on equipment surfaces under deposits such as biofilms. A successful method of penetrating biofilm and killing the anaerobic bacteria specifically has not been previously presented. We have investigated whether a blend of 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole (metronidazole) and a biodispersant would killDesulfovibrio, Desulfotomaculum, andClostridium species grown in the laboratory and in field applications. We found the blend significantly reduced the anaerobes in laboratory cultures. However, in a bioreactor designed to induced a high level of biofilm production and enhance underdeposit growth of anaerobic bacteria, a 40–58% increase in the antibiotic-biodispersant blend concentration was required. The metronidazole blend killed obligate anaerobic bacteria specifically but was non-toxic to aerobic bacteria and fungi. These results were confirmed in cooling tower field trial studies.     

Large scale transient 5-HT3 receptor production with the Semliki Forest Virus Expression System

The expression of recombinant proteins with the Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) system has been scaled up to bioreactor scale. As a model protein for this study the human 5-HT₃ receptor was chosen. The gene for the receptor was subcloned into the SFV expression plasmid pSFV1. Virus production by in vivo packaging and production of the recombinant protein was scaled up, the latter to a reactor volume of 11.5 l. A Vibromix^TM agitation system was chosen to overcome aggregation problems of BHK cells in suspension. In the process, cells were first grown to a density of 10⁶ cells/ml, the medium was then exchanged with fresh medium and the culture was infected with the recombinant virus at an estimated multiplicity of infection of 30. 24 h post infection we measured an expression level of 3 million functional 5-HT₃ receptors per cell. For harvesting, the cells were pelleted by centrifugation. The receptor protein was purified in a single step (Hovius et al., 1998) by exploiting the hexa-His tag at minimal protein loss (51% yield). Experiments to optimise expression resulted in yields up to 8 million receptors per cell, when the pH of a suspension culture was controlled at pH 7.3. Rapid virus generation and protein production, high protein yields as well as successful large scale application have made the SFV expression system attractive to produce large quantities of recombinant protein in a very short time. After optimisation of the expression conditions (in particular by setting the pH at 7.3), yields were increased twofold.     

Improved effects of okara atomized by a water jet system on α-amylase inhibition and butyrate production by Roseburia intestinalis

ABSTRACT

Improving the physicochemical properties of okara for various applications in foods is of great importance. Here, okara and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) were atomized using a water jet (WJ) system. The WJ-treated okara and MCC dispersed homogeneously in water, and their median sizes in particle size distribution were 6.6 μm and 9.5 μm, respectively. The dispersions of WJ-treated okara and MCC showed high apparent viscosity and shear thinning behavior. Moreover, the inhibition of α-amylase activities by WJ-treated okara was more effective than that by untreated MCC and cellulose. Furthermore, the production of short-chain fatty acids by 32 dominant species of human gut microbes was determined. An increase in butyrate production by Roseburia intestinalis was observed in the presence of WJ-treated okara, but not in untreated okara or WJ-treated MCC. These results demonstrate that WJ system can be used on okara to increase inhibited α-amylase activities and butyrate production by gut microbiota.     

Se(VI) reduction by continuous-flow reactors packed with Shigella fergusonii strain TB42616 immobilized by Ca2+-alginate gel beads

Selenium at high levels may cause adverse health effects on human beings and endanger aquatic lives due to its toxicity. Se(VI) reduction in continuous-flow reactors packed with Shigella fergusonii strain TB42616 immobilized by Ca²⁺-alginate gel beads was investigated under various hydraulic retention times (HRT) and influent Se(VI) concentrations. Removal efficiency up to 98.8 % was achieved after 96 days operation under an HRT of 5 days and an influent Se(VI) concentration of 400 mg/L. The results showed that the overall selenium removal efficiency was affected by the HRT and the bed height of the reactor but not the influent Se(VI) concentration. The steady-state data were analyzed using a mathematical model and Monod-type kinetics. Biokinetic parameters of half-velocity constants and maximum specific reduction rates were optimized using steady-state data obtained under a range of HRTs (0.73–5.0 days) at a constant influent Se(VI) concentration of 50 mg/L. The model was validated using steady-state data obtained under influent Se(VI) concentrations ranging from 10 to 400 mg/L while maintaining the HRT at 5.0 days. The high correlation coefficients between model calculated Se(VI) and Se(IV) concentrations and the experimental data indicate that the model is robust to predict the performance of the continuous-flow bioreactor.