稳定碳同位素在滨海湿地碳生物地球化学循环中的应用

碳作为滨海湿地中重要的生命元素,其生物地球化学循环过程是滨海湿地研究的核心内容之一.稳定同位素技术越来越多地被应用到滨海湿地碳生物地球化学循环过程的研究中,提高了其研究水平,并推动了其研究的进程.本文从有机物质生产、土壤有机质来源、食物链传递、温室气体排放以及可溶性有机碳输出5个方面,综述了滨海湿地碳生物地球化学循环过程的稳定同位素研究进展.通过植物及土壤δ13C值的测定进行有机质的生产机理研究及外源追溯,通过对比各生物种群的δ13C值分析碳在生态系统中的流动过程,通过湿地排放温室气体及可溶性有机碳δ13C值的测定揭示影响碳输出的环境因子.最后,文章总结了当前研究中存在的问题,并对其研究前景进行了展望.     

基于SPAC系统干旱区水分循环和水分来源研究方法综述

土壤-植物-大气连续体(SPAC)是研究植物水分利用与循环的核心,研究其水分传输过程对于旱区植被恢复具有重要指导意义.本文从土壤水分和植物蒸腾两个方面进行阐述,对土壤水分的研究主要涉及热惯量法、中子仪法和时域反射仪法,植物蒸腾则从枝叶尺度、单木尺度、林分尺度和区域尺度4个层面分类总结;并重点介绍了稳定同位素方法在研究植物不同水分来源中的应用.     

Isolation and Characterization of PDE-I and II,the Inhibitors of Cyclic Adenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate Phosphodiesterase

In the screening for inhibitors of cyclic adenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate phosphodiesterase, two compounds, PDE-I (C₁₃H₁₃N₃O₅) and PDE-II (C₁₄H₁₄N₂O₅), were isolated from culture filtrates of a Streptomyces. Concentrations for 50% inhibitions of PDE-I and PDE-II against the high Km enzyme were 15 µm and 13 µm, and those against the low Km enzyme were 65 µm and 130 µm, respectively. Production, isolation and characterization of these compounds are described.     

NMR Spectra of Glutamic Acid-containing Dipeptides in Relation to Sequence Determination

It is possible to determine the sequence of a dipeptide containing glutamic acid as a constituent and also to decide whether the glutamyl bond is α or γ when glutamic acid is the N-terminal component by measuring the NMR spectra of the peptide in acidic, aqueous and basic solutions.     

Insights from quantitative metaproteomics and protein-stable isotope probing into microbial ecology

The recent development of metaproteomics has enabled the direct identification and quantification of expressed proteins from microbial communities in situ, without the need for microbial enrichment. This became possible by (1) significant increases in quality and quantity of metagenome data and by improvements of (2) accuracy and (3) sensitivity of modern mass spectrometers (MS). The identification of physiologically relevant enzymes can help to understand the role of specific species within a community or an ecological niche. Beside identification, relative and absolute quantitation is also crucial. We will review label-free and label-based methods of quantitation in MS-based proteome analysis and the contribution of quantitative proteome data to microbial ecology. Additionally, approaches of protein-based stable isotope probing (protein-SIP) for deciphering community structures are reviewed. Information on the species-specific metabolic activity can be obtained when substrates or nutrients are labeled with stable isotopes in a protein-SIP approach. The stable isotopes (¹³C, ¹⁵N, ³⁶S) are incorporated into proteins and the rate of incorporation can be used for assessing the metabolic activity of the corresponding species. We will focus on the relevance of the metabolic and phylogenetic information retrieved with protein-SIP studies and for detecting and quantifying the carbon flux within microbial consortia. Furthermore, the combination of protein-SIP with established tools in microbial ecology such as other stable isotope probing techniques are discussed.     

Varying foraging patterns in response to competition? A multicolony approach in a generalist seabird

Reducing resource competition is a crucial requirement for colonial seabirds to ensure adequate self‐ and chick‐provisioning during breeding season. Spatial segregation is a common avoidance strategy among and within species from neighboring breeding colonies. We determined whether the foraging behaviors of incubating lesser black‐backed gulls (Larus fuscus) differed between six colonies varying in size and distance to mainland, and whether any differences could be related to the foraging habitats visited. Seventy‐nine incubating individuals from six study colonies along the German North Sea coast were equipped with GPS data loggers in multiple years. Dietary information was gained by sampling food pellets, and blood samples were taken for stable isotope analyses. Foraging patterns clearly differed among and within colonies. Foraging range increased with increasing colony size and decreased with increasing colony distance from the mainland, although the latter might be due to the inclusion of the only offshore colony. Gulls from larger colonies with consequently greater density‐dependent competition were more likely to forage at land instead of at sea. The diets of the gulls from the colonies furthest from each other differed, while the diets from the other colonies overlapped with each other. The spatial segregation and dietary similarities suggest that lesser black‐backed gulls foraged at different sites and utilized two main habitat types, although these were similar across foraging areas for all colonies except the single offshore island. The avoidance of intraspecific competition results in colony‐specific foraging patterns, potentially causing more intensive utilization of terrestrial foraging sites, which may offer more predictable and easily available foraging compared with the marine environment.     

Salinity tolerance is related to cyanide‐resistant alternative respiration in Medicago truncatula under sudden severe stress

Salt respiration is defined as the increase of respiration under early salt stress. However, the response of respiration varies depending on the degree of salt tolerance and salt stress. It has been hypothesized that the activity of the alternative pathway may increase preventing over‐reduction of the ubiquinone pool in response to salinity, which in turn can increase respiration. Three genotypes of Medicago truncatula are reputed as differently responsive to salinity: TN1.11, A17 and TN6.18. We used the oxygen‐isotope fractionation technique to study the in vivo respiratory activities of the cytochrome oxidase pathway (COP) and the alternative oxidase pathway (AOP) in leaves and roots of these genotypes treated with severe salt stress (300 mM) during 1 and 3 days. In parallel, AOX capacity, gas exchange measurements, relative water content and metabolomics were determined in control and treated plants. Our study shows for first time that salt respiration is induced by the triggered AOP in response to salinity. Moreover, this phenomenon coincides with increased levels of metabolites such as amino and organic acids, and is shown to be related with higher photosynthetic rate and water content in TN6.18.     

A method for in situ monitoring of the isotope composition of tree xylem water using laser spectroscopy

Field studies analyzing the stable isotope composition of xylem water are providing important information on ecosystem water relations. However, the capacity of stable isotopes to characterize the functioning of plants in their environment has not been fully explored because of methodological constraints on the extent and resolution at which samples could be collected and analysed. Here, we introduce an in situ method offering the potential to continuously monitor the stable isotope composition of tree xylem water via its vapour phase using a commercial laser‐based isotope analyser and compact microporous probes installed into the xylem. Our technique enables efficient high‐frequency measurement with intervals of only a few minutes per sample while eliminating the need for costly and cumbersome destructive collection of plant material and laboratory‐based processing. We present field observations of xylem water hydrogen and oxygen isotope compositions obtained over several days including a labelled irrigation event and compare them against results from concurrent destructive sampling with cryogenic distillation and mass spectrometric analysis. The data demonstrate that temporal changes as well as spatial patterns of integration in xylem water isotope composition can be resolved through direct measurement. The new technique can therefore present a valuable tool to study the hydraulic architecture and water utilization of trees.     

Hydrogen isotopic differences between C3 and C4 land plant lipids: consequences of compartmentation in C4 photosynthetic chemistry and C3 photorespiration

The ²H/¹H ratio of carbon‐bound H in biolipids holds potential for probing plant lipid biosynthesis and metabolism. The biochemical mechanism underlying the isotopic differences between lipids from C₃ and C₄ plants is still poorly understood. GC‐pyrolysis‐IRMS (gas chromatography‐pyrolysis‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry) measurement of the ²H/¹H ratio of leaf lipids from controlled and field grown plants indicates that the biochemical isotopic fractionation (ε²H_{lipid_biochem}) differed between C₃ and C₄ plants in a pathway‐dependent manner: ε²H_C4 > ε²H_C3 for the acetogenic pathway, ε²H_C4 < ε²H_C3 for the mevalonic acid pathway and the 1‐deoxy‐D‐xylulose 5‐phosphate pathway across all species examined. It is proposed that compartmentation of photosynthetic CO₂ fixation into C₄ mesophyll (M) and bundle sheath (BS) cells and suppression of photorespiration in C₄ M and BS cells both result in C₄ M chloroplastic pyruvate – the precursor for acetogenic pathway – being more depleted in ²H relative to pyruvate in C₃ cells. In addition, compartmentation in C₄ plants also results in (i) the transferable H of NADPH being enriched in ²H in C₄ M chloroplasts compared with that in C₃ chloroplasts for the 1‐deoxy‐D‐xylulose 5‐phosphate pathway pathway and (ii) pyruvate relatively ²H‐enriched being used for the mevalonic acid pathway in the cytosol of BS cells in comparison with that in C₃ cells.     

太湖贡湖湾食物网特征研究

应用稳定性同位素技术(13C和15N)研究了太湖贡湖湾食物网特征, 结果显示由于食物来源变化多样性影响, 导致贡湖的食物网结构和营养级关系变化较为复杂, 贡湖主要生物类群13C、15N值表现出较大的种间差异。消费者13C值从摇蚊幼虫的-32.3到锯齿米虾的-22.1, 其值大小与营养级的关系没有规律性。消费者平均15N值从褶纹冠蚌的10.3到位于顶端间下鳙的19.0, 随营养级位置而升高。群落中所有种类的15N、13C值之间没有相关性(r=0.1835, P0.05), 表明该食物网是非线性食物网。研究结果验证了杂食性生物有机体普遍存在于富营养化的贡湖水域生态系统中, 且13C结果表明, 浮游植物、固着藻类以及沉水植物为贡湖食物网中大多数生物有机体的主要碳源。贡湖食物链长度为4.44营养级。