Instability in a generalized Keller–Segel model

We present a generalized Keller–Segel model where an arbitrary number of chemical compounds react, some of which are produced by a species, and one of which is a chemoattractant for the species. To investigate the stability of homogeneous stationary states of this generalized model, we consider the eigenvalues of a linearized system. We are able to reduce this infinite dimensional eigenproblem to a parametrized finite dimensional eigenproblem. By matrix theoretic tools, we then provide easily verifiable sufficient conditions for destabilizing the homogeneous stationary states. In particular, one of the sufficient conditions is that the chemotactic feedback is sufficiently strong. Although this mechanism was already known to exist in the original Keller–Segel model, here we show that it is more generally applicable by significantly enlarging the class of models exhibiting this instability phenomenon which may lead to pattern formation.     

青岛崂山青山湾人工鱼礁区及附近海域鱼卵仔稚鱼种类组成与数量分布

为研究人工鱼礁对产卵鱼类的诱集效果和庇护效应,2014—2015年对青岛崂山青山湾海域人工鱼礁区及附近海域鱼卵和仔稚鱼的种类组成和数量分布进行了水平和垂直拖网调查. 2014年春、夏、秋3个季节的7个航次调查中,共采集鱼卵7306粒、仔稚鱼52尾,隶属于4目9科11属12种;2015年同期进行的13个航次调查中,共采集鱼卵10373粒、仔稚鱼159尾,隶属于6目11科14属15种.2年间鱼卵和仔稚鱼样品均以鲈形目数量最多,鲽形目次之,其中鱼卵样品中仅有少鳞鱚和短吻红舌鳎构成优势种;仔稚鱼样品以少鳞鱚优势度最高,但不存在仔稚鱼优势种.鱼卵和稚鱼的高优势度物种的季节间演替明显.春、夏、秋季鱼类浮游生物群落Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数平均值均较低,说明该海域鱼类浮游生物群落结构稳定性较低.2年间所采集物种对应的成鱼平均营养级分别为3.71和3.78,均属第三营养级中的低级肉食性鱼类,绝大多数为暖温种,无冷温性种类,表现出明显的暖温带特点.综合分析认为,人工鱼礁区鱼类浮游生物群落的多样性相对较高,这与鱼礁区流速和流场特征及复杂的空间异质性有关.     

Point pattern analysis of different age-classes of Larix principis-rupprechtii in Luya Mountain Reserve, Shanxi Province, China

Larix principis-rupprechtii forest is an important vegetation formation and has a large distribution area in Luya Mountain Reserve, China. Spatial pattern analysis on individual trees in different age-classes of Larix principis-rupprechtii was made in this paper. Here, we employed the technique of point pattern analysis, which could analyze patterns under all scales along a gradient. It was based on spatial mapped points of individual distribution. The results of this study showed that the densities of the five age-classes varied in the order: age-class 3 > age-class 4 > age-class 5 > age-class 2 > age-class 1. Although age-classes 1 and 2 have much fewer individuals than other three age-classes do, the population was stable at present. However, it would be necessary to take some measures for improving population regeneration for a long-time view. The individuals of all age-classes focused on clumping distribution in space; however, their distribution pattern varied with the change of scale. This mainly depended on biological features of Larix principis-rupprechtii and forest environments, but it also meant that the scale was an important factor in controlling spatial distribution pattern of tree individuals. The feature of clumping distribution became more significant with the increase of age. The relationships between individuals in different age-classes were almost all significantly correlated with each other. These associations became more significant within the older age-classes. This suggested that the individuals of different age-classes were interdistributed, by which the population could get benefits in resource utilization. The technique of point pattern analysis is effective and easy to be used in species pattern study. Its results are more closer to the reality, especially for community structure. Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2004, 24(1): 35–40 [译自: 生态学报]     

Multispecies coexistence of trees in tropical forests: spatial signals of topographic niche differentiation increase with environmental heterogeneity

Neutral and niche theories give contrasting explanations for the maintenance of tropical tree species diversity. Both have some empirical support, but methods to disentangle their effects have not yet been developed. We applied a statistical measure of spatial structure to data from 14 large tropical forest plots to test a prediction of niche theory that is incompatible with neutral theory: that species in heterogeneous environments should separate out in space according to their niche preferences. We chose plots across a range of topographic heterogeneity, and tested whether pairwise spatial associations among species were more variable in more heterogeneous sites. We found strong support for this prediction, based on a strong positive relationship between variance in the spatial structure of species pairs and topographic heterogeneity across sites. We interpret this pattern as evidence of pervasive niche differentiation, which increases in importance with increasing environmental heterogeneity.     

鲁北沿海蝗区蝗虫天敌蜘蛛类群发生规律初探

笔者于1992～2003 a对鲁北沿海蝗区的蝗虫天敌-蜘蛛类群,进行了大田调查与定点系统调查.鲁北沿海蝗区蜘蛛隶属6科9属14种.明确了蜘蛛类群的消长动态,并对优势种星豹蛛Pardosa astrigera 进行了系统观察,明确了其生活史和习性.并提出了保护利用措施.     

兴安落叶松种群格局的分形特征信息维数

种群格局信息维数能够刻划格局强度的尺度变化程度,揭示出种群个体分布的非均匀性状况。采用信息维数对大兴安岭兴安落叶松种群格局的研究显示,各类兴安落叶松林中兴安落叶松种群格局的信息维数大小依次为越桔－兴安落叶松林（１．４８０）＞杜香－兴安落叶松林（１．３７３）＞杜鹃－兴安落叶松林（１．３２１）＞草类－兴安落叶松林（１．０９３）。虽为群落建群种,兴安落叶松种群格局的信息维数较低（＜１．５,远离２）,格局     

Agrotis segetum雄蛾触角叶性信息素反应神经元对电刺激触角神经的反应

为探讨电刺激Agrotis segetum雄蛾触角神经是否可以作为MGC中神经元的识别手段,采用细胞内电生理记录方法,共记录34个对性信息素有反应的MGC神经元,并测试了其中12个神经元对性信息素刺激的反应,22个神经元对性信息素刺激和电刺激的反应。结果表明,MGC神经元对性信息素及电刺激的反应模式基本一致,为一种双相反应模式。两种刺激方式均能诱导出兴奋反应,电刺激得到的兴奋反应比由信息素刺激引起的要短;MGC神经元对两种刺激的超极化反应（抑制反应）幅度影响没有显著性差别,在电刺激实验的22个神经元上,超极化反应幅度和抑制时间都与神经元本身放电频率有一定的相关性。超极化反应是在LN参与下一定的神经回路对刺激所产生的反应而形成的。这提示两种刺激所作用的神经回路应是一致的,但从整个实验过程记录到的神经元情况来看,还须进一步结合形态学实验来验证电刺激触角神经作为MGC神经元的识别手段。     

鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林植物营养元素含量分配格局研究

在鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林中,植物叶片营养元素含量为Ｎ ０．９４６％－２．５３５％,Ｐ ０．０３０－０．１２７％,Ｋ ０．６１４％－１．８３３％,Ｃａ ０．４４２％－１．９９５％,Ｍｇ ０．０２４％－０．１８８％。叶片各营养养元素间相关性较差,仅Ｐ与Ｍｇ及Ｍｇ与Ｋ之间存在显著的线性相关。叶片Ｎ元素平均含量在各层中的序列为：乔木Ⅲ〉乔木Ⅱ〉乔木Ⅰ〉灌木〉藤本〉草本;其它营养元素浓度随层次分配的规律性