Author Keywords: Shivering; electromyography; electrodes; EMG activity; heat production; data acquisition; spectral analysis; thermoregulation; bantam hens 相似文献
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41.
42.
Roberta Haddad-Tóvolli Nora-Em?ke Szabó Xunlei Zhou Gonzalo Alvarez-Bolado 《Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE》2013,(77)
Genetic modification of specific regions of the developing mammalian brain is a very powerful experimental approach. However, generating novel mouse mutants is often frustratingly slow. It has been shown that access to the mouse brain developing in utero with reasonable post-operatory survival is possible. Still, results with this procedure have been reported almost exclusively for the most superficial and easily accessible part of the developing brain, i.e. the cortex. The thalamus, a narrower and more medial region, has proven more difficult to target. Transfection into deeper nuclei, especially those of the hypothalamus, is perhaps the most challenging and therefore very few results have been reported. Here we demonstrate a procedure to target the entire hypothalamic neuroepithelium or part of it (hypothalamic regions) for transfection through electroporation. The keys to our approach are longer narcosis times, injection in the third ventricle, and appropriate kind and positioning of the electrodes. Additionally, we show results of targeting and subsequent histological analysis of the most recessed hypothalamic nucleus, the mammillary body. 相似文献
43.
《Journal of Plant Interactions》2013,8(3):263-270
Abstract Cd(II) adsorption of root exudates from sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seedling was investigated by Cd ion-selective electrode, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. Root exudates from Helianthus annuus L. had strong adsorption ability toward Cd(II). The adsorption process was pH-dependent and the maximum adsorption capacity, 150.8 mg g?1, was observed at pH 7.0. Root exudates had pK a1 at 4.7 for carboxyl and pK a2 at 9.2 for phenolic, and amino groups. The aliphatic and aromatic (C?H) groups, amide III group, and the C (=O)?O and sulfonate groups were responsible for Cd(II) adsorption. The excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy showed protein-like substances participated in Cd adsorption and formed strong complexes, with conditional stability constants of 4.70 and 4.32, which is a little lower than that determined by potentiometric methods, 5.13. The strong Cd complexing ability of root exudates implies that root exudates may significantly affect mobility, toxicity, and phytoavailability of Cd. Cd binding of root exudates may be attributed to its interaction with the proteins, polysaccharides, and phenolic compounds in root exudates. 相似文献
44.
The Configurational Space of Rocksalt‐Type Oxides for High‐Capacity Lithium Battery Electrodes
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A unifying theory is presented to explain the lithium exchange capacity of rocksalt‐like structures with any degree of cation ordering, and how lithium percolation properties can be used as a guideline for the development of novel high‐capacity electrode materials is demonstrated. The lithium percolation properties of the three most common lithium metal oxide phases, the layered α‐NaFeO2 structure, the spinel‐like LT‐LiCoO2 structure, and the γ‐LiFeO2 structure, are demonstrated and a strong dependence of the percolation thresholds on the cation ordering and the lithium content is observed. The poor performance of γ‐LiFeO2‐type structures is explained by their lack of percolation of good Li migration channels. The spinel‐like structure exhibits excellent percolation properties that are robust with respect to off‐stoichiometry and some amount of cation disorder. The layered structure is unique, as it possesses two different types of lithium diffusion channels, one of which is, however, strongly dependent on the lattice parameters, and therefore very sensitive to disorder. In general it is found that a critical Li‐excess concentration exists at which Li percolation occurs, although the amount of Li excess needed depends on the partial cation ordering. In fully cation‐disordered materials, macroscopic lithium diffusion is enabled by ≈10% excess lithium. 相似文献
45.
1. 1.|Simple electronics for measurement of shivering, which include direct and mean rectified EMG (Umrv), are suggested.
2. 2.|A software system (LabGraph) for measurement and analysis is described.
3. 3.|Three different electrode designs were tested with the system by recording electromyography (EMG) from m. iliotibialis with subdermal, intramuscular and safety pin electrodes in bantam hens exposed to cold eggs. The signal characteristics of EMG are discussed in relation to electrode design and signal processing.
4. 4.|A method for normalizing EMG activity within an experiment to units of heat production is presented and was tested successfully in bantam hens.
46.
All‐Solution‐Processed Silver Nanowire Window Electrode‐Based Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells Enabled with Amorphous Metal Oxide Protection
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Eunsong Lee Jihoon Ahn Hyeok‐Chan Kwon Sunihl Ma Kyungmi Kim Seongcheol Yun Jooho Moon 《Liver Transplantation》2018,8(9)
Silver nanowire (AgNW)‐based transparent electrodes prepared via an all‐solution‐process are proposed as bottom electrodes in flexible perovskite solar cells (PVSCs). To enhance the chemical stability of AgNWs, a pinhole‐free amorphous aluminum doped zinc oxide (a‐AZO) protection layer is deposited on the AgNW network. Compared to its crystalline counterpart (c‐AZO), a‐AZO substantially improves the chemical stability of the AgNW network. For the first time, it is observed that inadequately protected AgNWs can evanesce via diffusion, whereas a‐AZO secures the integrity of AgNWs. When an optimally thick a‐AZO layer is used, the a‐AZO/AgNW/AZO composite electrode exhibits a transmittance of 88.6% at 550 nm and a sheet resistance of 11.86 Ω sq?1, which is comparable to that of commercial fluorine doped tin oxide. The PVSCs fabricated with a configuration of Au/spiro‐OMeTAD/CH3NH3PbI3/ZnO/AZO/AgNW/AZO on rigid and flexible substrates can achieve power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 13.93% and 11.23%, respectively. The PVSC with the a‐AZO/AgNW/AZO composite electrode retains 94% of its initial PCE after 400 bending iterations with a bending radius of 12.5 mm. The results clearly demonstrate the potential of AgNWs as bottom electrodes in flexible PVSCs, which can facilitate the commercialization and large‐scale deployment of PVSCs. 相似文献
47.
Rakesh Elango Arnaud Demortière Vincent De Andrade Mathieu Morcrette Vincent Seznec 《Liver Transplantation》2018,8(15)
The templating approach is a powerful method for preparing porous electrodes with interconnected well‐controlled pore sizes and morphologies. The optimization of the pore architecture design facilitates electrolyte penetration and provides a rapid diffusion path for lithium ions, which becomes even more crucial for thick porous electrodes. Here, NaCl microsize particles are used as a templating agent for the fabrication of 1 mm thick porous LiFePO4 and Li4Ti5O12 composite electrodes using spark plasma sintering technique. These sintered binder‐free electrodes are self‐supported and present a large porosity (40%) with relatively uniform pores. The electrochemical performances of half and full batteries reveal a remarkable specific areal capacity (20 mA h cm?2), which is 4 times higher than those of 100 µm thick electrodes present in conventional tape‐casted Li–ion batteries (5 mA h cm?2). The 3D morphological study is carried out using full field transmission X‐ray microscopy in microcomputed tomography mode to obtain tortuosity values and pore size distributions leading to a strong correlation with their electrochemical properties. These results also demonstrate that the coupling between the salt templating method and the spark plasma sintering technique turns out to be a promising way to fabricate thick electrodes with high energy density. 相似文献
48.
Jia Liang Zonghao Liu Longbin Qiu Zafer Hawash Lingqiang Meng Zhifang Wu Yan Jiang Luis K. Ono Yabing Qi 《Liver Transplantation》2018,8(20)
In this work all‐inorganic perovskite CsPbIBr2 are doped with Mn to compensate their shortcomings in band structure for the application of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The novel Mn‐doped all‐inorganic perovskites, CsPb1?xMnxI1+2xBr2?2x, are prepared in ambient atmosphere. As the concentration of Mn2+ ions increases, the bandgaps of CsPb1?xMnxI1+2xBr2?2x decrease from 1.89 to 1.75 eV. Additionally, when the concentration of Mn dopants is appropriate, this novel Mn‐doped all‐inorganic perovskite film shows better crystallinity and morphology than its undoped counterpart. These advantages alleviate the energy loss in hole transfer and facilitate the charge‐transfer in perovskites, therefore, PSCs based on these novel CsPb1?xMnxI1+2xBr2?2x perovskite films display better photovoltaic performance than the undoped CsPbIBr2 perovskite films. The reference CsPbIBr2 cell reaches a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.14%, comparable with the previous reports. The CsPb1?xMnxI1+2xBr2?2x cells reach the highest PCE of 7.36% (when x = 0.005), an increase of 19.9% in PCE. Furthermore, the encapsulated CsPb0.995Mn0.005I1.01Br1.99 cells exhibit good stability in ambient atmosphere. The storage stability measurements on the encapsulated PSCs reveal that PCE is dropped by only 8% of the initial value after >300 h in ambient. Such improved efficiency and stability are achieved using low‐cost carbon electrodes (without expensive hole transport materials and Au electrodes). 相似文献
49.
Supercapacitors: Large‐Scale Conductive Yarns Based on Twistable Korean Traditional Paper (Hanji) for Supercapacitor Applications: Toward High‐Performance Paper Supercapacitors (Adv. Energy Mater. 27/2018)
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50.
Achieving High Open‐Circuit Voltages up to 1.57 V in Hole‐Transport‐Material‐Free MAPbBr3 Solar Cells with Carbon Electrodes
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Yongqi Liang Yajuan Wang Cheng Mu Sen Wang Xinnan Wang Dongsheng Xu Licheng Sun 《Liver Transplantation》2018,8(4)
An open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.57 V under simulated AM1.5 sunlight in planar MAPbBr3 solar cells with carbon (graphite) electrodes is obtained. The hole‐transport‐material‐free MAPbBr3 solar cells with the normal architecture (FTO/TiO2/MAPbBr3/carbon) show little hysteresis during current–voltage sweep under simulated AM1.5 sunlight. A solar‐to‐electricity power conversion efficiency of 8.70% is achieved with the champion device. Accordingly, it is proposed that the carbon electrodes are effective to extract photogenerated holes in MAPbBr3 solar cells, and the industry‐applicable carbon electrodes will not limit the performance of bromide‐based perovskite solar cells. Based on the analysis of the band alignment, it is found that the voltage (energy) loss across the interface between MAPbBr3 and carbon is very small compared to the offset between the valence band maximum of MAPbBr3 and the work function of graphite. This finding implies either Fermi level pinning or highly doped region inside MAPbBr3 layer exists. The band‐edge electroluminescence spectra of MAPbBr3 from the solar cells further support no back‐transfer pathways of electrons across the MAPbBr3/TiO2 interface. 相似文献