Field and mesocosm trials on passive sampling for the study of adsorption and desorption behaviour of lipophilic toxins with a focus on OA and DTX1

It has been demonstrated that polymeric resins can be used as receiving phase in passive samplers designed for the detection of lipophilic marine toxins at sea and was referred to as solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT). The present study describes the uptake and desorption behaviour of the lipophilic marine toxins okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) from Prorocentrum lima cultures by five styrene—divinylbenzene based polymeric resins Sepabeads^® SP850, Sepabeads^® SP825L, Amberlite^® XAD4, Dowex^® Optipore^® L-493 and Diaion^® HP-20. All resins accumulated OA and DTX1 from the P. lima culture with differences in adsorption rate and equilibrium rate. Following statistical evaluation, HP-20, SP850 and SP825L demonstrated similar adsorption rates. However, possibly due to its larger pore size, the HP-20 did not seem to reach equilibrium within 72 h exposure as opposed to the SP850 and SP825L. This was confirmed when the resins were immersed at sea for 1 week on the West Coast of Ireland. Furthermore, this work also presents a simple and efficient extraction method suitable to SPATT samplers exposed to artificial or natural culture media.     

环氧树脂固定化的Bacillus sp.DL-2胞外蛋白酶在拆分(±)-乙酸苏合香酯中的应用

环氧基是一个非常活跃的基团,它能与酶、蛋白质和核酸等生物分子发生反应形成共价键,有利于生物分子的固定化。经共价结合法固定化的酶其稳定性及重复使用性可得到显著提高。用环氧树脂ES-103B为载体采用共价结合法对海洋细菌Bacillus sp. DL-2的胞外蛋白酶进行固定化,经过单因素实验优化条件得出最优固定化条件为:p H 8. 0的胞外蛋白酶溶液,25 g/L的ES-103B,45℃下反应8h。采用此最优条件下的固定化酶拆分(±)-乙酸苏合香酯制备出了e. e. p=97. 5%的(R)-1-苯乙醇(产率为45. 0%)和e. e. s=99. 2%的(S)-乙酸苏合香酯(产率为83. 9%)。该固定化酶拆分(±)-乙酸苏合香酯在重复使用8次后制备出的(R)-1-苯乙醇的e. e. p仍大于90%,且固定化胞外蛋白酶在4℃下具有较好的储存稳定性。     

大孔吸附树脂纯化乌饭树树叶黑色素的研究

利用11种大孔吸附树脂对乌饭树树叶黑色素进行纯化分析,AB-8、NKA-9和S-8型大孔吸附树脂的静态吸附量和解吸率较高。由吸附与时间的关系曲线选择AB-8型大孔吸附树脂进行动态分析,得出最佳的纯化条件为:pH为5.05左右,溶液浓度为0.68~1.33 mg/mL,吸附流速为3 mL/min。使用7倍体积的95%乙醇解吸率可以超过95%。树脂使用三次后必须进行再生处理。     

Preparation and Evaluation of Differently Sulfonated Styrene–Divinylbenzene Cross-linked Copolymer Cationic Exchange Resins as Novel Carriers for Drug Delivery

The differently sulfonated styrene–divinylbenzene cross-linked copolymer cationic exchange resins were prepared by oil-in-water polymerization and varied degrees of sulfonation. Several characteristics of the obtained resins were evaluated, i.e., Fourier transform infrared spectra, the ion-exchange capacity, microscopic morphology, size, and swelling. The resin characteristics were altered in relation to the degree of sulfonation, proving that differently sulfonated resins could be prepared. The behavior of chlorpheniramine (CPM) loading and in vitro release in the USP simulated gastric (SGF) and intestinal fluids (SIF) of the obtained resins were also evaluated. The CPM loaded in the resinates (drug-loaded resins) increased with the increasing degree of sulfonic group and hence the drug binding site in the employed resins. The CPM release was lower from the resins with the higher degree of sulfonic group due to the increase in the diffusive path depth. The CPM release was obviously lower in SGF than SIF because CPM, a weak base drug, ionized to a greater extent in SGF and then preferred binding with rather than releasing from the resins. In conclusion, the differently sulfonated resins could be utilized as novel carriers for drug delivery.     

Fermentation and recovery of glutamic acid from palm waste hydrolysate by Ion-exchange resin column

Glutamic acid produced from palm waste hydrolysate by fermentation with Brevibacterium lactofermentum ATCC 13869 is produced with a remarkably high yield compared with that produced from pure glucose as a carbon source. The produce yield is 70 g/L with glucose, wherease, when palm waste hydrolysate is the fermentation medium in the same bioreactor under same conditions, it is 88 g/L. The higher yield may be attributed to the fact that this organism has the ability to convert sugars other than only glucose present in the hydrolysate. Bioreactor conditions most conducive for maximum production are pH 7.5, temperature of 30 degrees rmentation period of 48 h, inoculum size 6%, substrate concentration of 10 g per 100 mL, yeast extract 0.5 g per 100 mL as a suitable N source, and biotin at a concentration of 10 pg/L. Palm waste hydrolysate used in this study was prepared by enzymic saccharification of treated palm press fiber under conditions that yielded a maximum of 30 g/L total reducing sugars. Glutamic acid from fermentation broth was recovered by using a chromatographic column (5cm x 60 cm) packed with a strong ion-exchange resin. The filtered broth containing glutamic acid and other inorganic ions was fed to the fully charged column. The broth was continuously recycled at a flow rate of 50 mL/min (retention time of 55 min) until glutamic acid was fully adsorbed on the column leaving other ions in the effluent. Recovery was done by eluting with urea and sodium hydroxide for total displacement of glutamic acid from the resin. The eluent containing 88 g/L of glutamic acid was concentrated by evaporation to obtain solid crystals of the product. (c) 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

树脂载体固定S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶的研究

目的:筛选一种适合S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶固定化的树脂载体,进行固定化工艺优化及固定化酶性质研究。方法:以固定化率和表观酶活回收率为指标,筛选固定化效果最佳的一种树脂,采用单因素实验对固定化条件进行优化。结果:阴离子交换树脂载体ESR-2表现出最优的固定化率(94.03%)和酶活回收率(47.45%);最佳固定化条件为加酶量4U/g、pH 8.0、15℃吸附10h,最佳条件下固定化酶表观酶活为2.1U/g,表观酶活回收率达51.6%。固定化酶的最适pH为8.5,最适温度为35℃,连续反应10批次后酶活剩余77.92%。结论:树脂载体ESR-2固定化S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶酶活及稳定性较好,能够用于S-腺苷甲硫氨酸的工业化大规模生产。     

Comparison of the stepwise and convergent approaches in the solid-phase synthesis of rat Tyr0-atriopeptin II

Summary Tyr^o-Atriopeptin II was synthesized on a 2-chlorotrityl resin by both, the stepwise and the convergent approach. For both methods an Fmoc/tBu(Trt)-based protection scheme was used. The convergent methodology utilizes the sequential condensation of four protected peptide fragments. These were chosen so that after every condensation reaction, the amino-terminal region of the newly formed resin-bound peptide did not contain a β-turn. This ‘designed’ convergent synthesis gave the target peptide in much higher yield and purity than the conventional stepby-step synthesis. HOAc, acetic acid; Boc,tert-butyloxycarbonyl; DCC, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide: DCM, dichloromethane; DIC, diisopropylcarbodiimide; DIEA,N,N-diisopropylethylamine; DMFN,N-dimethylformamide; DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide; EDT. ethanedithiol; FAB-MS, fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry; Fmoc, 9-luorenylmethoxycarbonyl; HOBt, 1-hydroxybenzotriazole; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; i-PrOH, isopropanol; Mmt, 4-methoxytrityl; PEG-PS, polvethyleneglycol grafted polystyrene; Pme, 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman-6-sulfonyl; RP, reversed phase; rt, room temperature; SPPS, solid phase peptide synthesis;tBu,tert-butyl; TFA, trifluoroacetic acid; TFE, trifluoroethanol; TLC, thin layer chromatography; Trt, triphenylmethyl, trityl. Abbreviations used for amino acids follow the rules of the IUPAC-IUB Commission of Biochemical Nomenclature [J. Biol. Chem. 247 (1972), 977]. All amino acids are of the L-configuration.     

氮添加和采脂对湿地松林土壤酶活性及酶化学计量比的影响

大气氮沉降和采脂会引起树木生长和代谢的变化,从而影响土壤养分循环和酶活性.土壤酶和酶化学计量可以揭示土壤碳、氮循环和微生物生长代谢过程的养分限制,但目前亚热带湿地松人工林土壤酶和酶化学计量对氮添加和采脂的响应还不清楚.以亚热带北缘的湿地松人工林为研究对象,设置采脂(resin tapping,RT)和未采脂(no re...     

Kinetics of tributyrin hydrolysis by lipase

The kinetics for the tributyrin hydrolysis using lipase (Pseudomonas fluorscenes CCRC-17015) were investigated in the liquid–liquid and liquid–solid–liquid reaction systems in a batch reactor. The lipase was covalently immobilized onto the surface of porous polymethylacrylamide (PMAA) crosslinking with N,N-methylene biacrylamide with a spacer of ethylenediamine actived by glutaraldehyde. The conditions such as tributyrin concentration, temperature, agitation, and pH value, were evaluated to achieve the optimum reaction conditions for both free lipase and immobilized lipase. The kinetic parameters in the reaction system were also obtained for two reaction systems. The turnover numbers calculated for free lipase and immobilized lipase were 29 and 5.7 s⁻¹, respectively. The parameters of k and k_m obtained using Lineweaver-Burk plot method were 26.2 mol/(mg min) and 1.35 mol/dm³ for free lipase, 5.2 mol/(mg min) and 0.2 mol/dm³ for immobilized lipase, respectively. The experimental results revealed good thermal stability, with greater stability at higher pH value for immobilized lipase in the liquid–solid–liquid reaction.     

Carbonaceous Resin Capsule for Vapor-phase Monitoring of Volatile Monoaromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil

Soil and groundwater contamination by organic substances is a major environmental and health concern, but methods of direct, in situ evaluation of quantities and forms of these contaminants are generally highly limited. The resin capsule system (RCS) has been developed for use in the laboratory or in the field for inorganic chemicals, and its application has been extended to include organic chemicals by incorporation of carbonaceous, hydrophobic adsorbers in the capsules. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of carbonaceous resin capsules for detecting benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) vapors diffusing through a soil column, and to investigate sensitivity to environmental factors that influence vapor phase diffusion. Results show that the RCS can serve as a trap for organic vapors, and that quantities of BTEX accumulated are influenced by soil texture and water content during extended adsorption times. The nature of these effects, as measured by the RCS, was similar to expectations, based on previously reported results from studies involving direct measurements. These results provide evidence that the RCS could be developed to serve as a simple, inexpensive, direct, in situ methodology for monitoring volatile organic chemicals in soils.