Fluoride exposure and factors affecting dental caries in preschool children living in two areas with different natural levels of fluorides

BackgroundSuccessful oral health interventions must be based on the specific needs of the population that they serve. Evaluation of habits related to dental caries development and estimation of fluoride exposure in a target group of young patients helps to plan effective and safe caries prevention strategies.ObjectivesThe study aimed to evaluate factors affecting dental caries experience and sources of fluoride exposure in preschool children living in two areas: with optimal and low natural content of fluoride in drinking water.Materials and methodsThe study included a group of 73 children of both sexes aged 4–7 years attending two kindergartens in Środa Wielkopolska and Turek (Wielkopolska Voivodeship, Poland), where the content of fluoride in drinking water according to data obtained in the sanitary station ranged from 0.68 to 0.74 mg/L (optimal concentration of fluoride) and from 0.19 to 0.30 mg/L (low concentration of fluoride), respectively. Parents of patients completed a survey about diet, hygiene, and dental care, taking into account the child's fluoride exposure. The calibrated dentist assessed the oral health condition using a mirror, a CPI probe, and a headlamp. Oral hygiene was recorded using the Silness and Löe plaque index, caries experience by calculating the numbers of decayed, missing, and filled primary, and permanent teeth (dmf and DMF, respectively) while caries frequency by calculating the percentage of children with caries experience above 0. In order to assess the fluoride concentrations in urine and drinking water, parents were asked to provide a urine sample collected on fasting and a tap water sample. Fluoride concentrations were assessed using a 09–37 (MARAT) fluoride ion-selective electrode and a RAE 111 silver-chloride reference electrode. Statistical analysis was conducted using the data analysis software system Statistica (version 12, StatSoft, Inc. 2014), assuming a statistical significance level p < 0.05.ResultsNo statistically significant differences were found between caries indices of the examined children in each kindergarten (p > 0.05). Urinary fluoride levels were higher in children who tended to swallow toothpaste or used fluoride rinses and positively correlated with fluoride concentrations in the drinking water. Dental caries experience in the examined children depended on the effectiveness and frequency of oral hygiene procedures and dietary habits.ConclusionsThe strategy aimed at improving the oral health of the examined group of children should include accomplishing oral hygiene, promoting a non-cariogenic diet, and, finally, controlling fluoride exposure from at-home fluoride products. Caries prevention program ought to be adjusted to individual characteristics of each child, taking into consideration oral hygiene practices, dietary habits and total fluoride intake.     

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Intestinal Helminthiasis in Remote Mountainous Villages of Northern Lao PDR: A Cross-Sectional Study

Helminth infections are prevalent in Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). This study aimed at determining the prevalence and risk factors of intestinal helminthiasis in remote mountainous villages of northern Lao PDR. During the dry season in January 2017, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in 3 remote mountainous villages in Oudomxay province, Lao PDR. Villagers older than 18 years of age who agreed to submit stool samples or undergo an interview, were recruited. Stool samples from 198 individuals were examined by the Kato-Katz method, and a questionnaire surveyed 161 individuals among them. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify risk factors associated with the intestinal helminthiasis. An overall prevalence of intestinal helminthiasis was 75.8%. Hookworm infection was the most common (63.1%), followed by Opisthorchis viverrini/minute intestinal flukes (17.7%), Taenia spp. (15.2%), Trichuris trichiura (2.0%), Ascaris lumbricoides (1.5%), and Enterobius vermicularis (1.0%). Questionnaire analysis revealed sex (male) and absence of latrine to be significant risk factors for hookworm infection and consumption of raw meat for taeniasis. These results suggest that the mountainous area in northern Lao PDR has a different composition of helminth infections from other studies conducted in Lao PDR; a high prevalence of hookworm infection and taeniasis and low prevalence of T. trichiura and A. lumbricoides infections were observed. Also, liver flukes or intestinal flukes were similarly prevalent in the mountainous area.     

陕西长武玉米降水指数保险设计

天气指数保险能有效规避传统农业保险的弊端。本研究基于陕西长武长序列产量数据和气象数据,采用统计分析的方法进行种植面积、产量、单产、趋势产量、相对气象产量以及玉米生育期需供水的分析;采用基于损失的风险评估方法评价种植风险;采用基于Logistic模型的费率厘定方法进行纯费率厘定;根据降水指数和减产率的相关性,设计降水指数;采用投影寻踪的方法设计降水指数赔付方案。结果表明:长武玉米种植面积、产量、单产、趋势产量以及相对气象产量都呈现出增加趋势;生育期平均需水650 mm,降水434mm,亏缺216 mm;从4月下旬到8月下旬,玉米呈现出水分亏缺的状态,7月中旬抽雄期水分亏缺最多,为33.65 mm;9月出现微弱的水分盈余;1994、1995和1997年为减产年,减产率分别为14%、20%和44%,相应降水距平分别为-42.44%、-47.72%和-29.71%;玉米种植轻、中、重和巨灾的发生概率分别是7.49%、3.40%、1.43%和1%;玉米降水指数保险纯费率为2.92%;生育期内旬降水(阈值为40 mm)累积值指定为玉米降水指数,并以降水指数为变量进行分段赔付。本研究剖析了长武玉米种植状况和干旱灾害,并设计了玉米的降水指数保险产品,为长武玉米农业保险提供了新的选择,对解决农业保险目前的困境具有重要的意义。     

小麦倒春寒研究现状与进展

由于全球气候变暖,近年来小麦低温灾害事件频发,尤其是拔节-孕穗期的倒春寒灾害已成为制约小麦产量和品质的重要因素之一。本文综述了小麦倒春寒灾害的发生特点(鉴定与分级、时空特征),倒春寒对小麦生理特性(叶片、茎秆、穗部、根系)和产量、质量的影响,总结了抗倒春寒小麦育种、倒春寒危害的分子生物学机制及灾害的监测预警与风险评估等方面的研究进展,并从小麦抗倒春寒遗传基础、倒春寒危害小麦评价体系和防控技术体系等方面进行了展望,以期为抗倒春寒小麦品种的遗传改良和栽培调控新措施的建立提供理论依据。     

鄱阳湖流域极端降水时空分布和非平稳性特征

全球变暖背景下的极端天气气候事件显著增加。本研究基于PreWhitening Mann-Kendall(PWMK)、极点对称模态分解法和广义可加模型,利用鄱阳湖流域1959—2019年16个国家级气象站点的逐日降水数据,从极端降水的强度、频率和持续性3个维度系统检测和分析流域极端降水的时空分布和非平稳性特征。结果表明: 研究期间,鄱阳湖流域极端降水强度和频率呈显著增加趋势,持续性呈下降趋势,极端降水整体表现出强度大、频率高、持续时间短的特点;极端降水存在明显的汛期和非汛期时间分异规律,汛期极端降水集中在流域北部和中部,而非汛期多集中于中部,子流域中信江流域降水量增加趋势最显著,达到2.10 mm·a^-1;汛期极端降水的持续时间越长,强度和范围越小,非汛期极端降水则相反;鄱阳湖流域的极端降水强度和频率以平稳性特征为主,持续性表现出非平稳性特征。随着鄱阳湖流域极端降水量的不断增加,其可能引发的灾害风险将进一步增大。     

黄土高原林区生态系统服务价值与景观生态风险时空变化及其关联性——以子午岭区为例

当前,人们对自然景观提供的生态系统服务保护意识正在加强,但将生态系统服务价值纳入生态风险管控的研究和实践相对较少。本研究以子午岭区为例,基于2.5 km×2.5 km的评价小区,开展了1980、1990、2000、2010和2017年黄土高原林区——子午岭区景观格局类型格网化和重采样,定量评价了生态系统服务价值和景观生态风险,揭示了二者时空变化及其关联性。结果表明: 1980—2017年,子午岭区生态系统服务价值从其中心地带向外缘递减,总量由123.45亿元增长为126.33亿元;子午岭区景观生态风险从其中心地带向外缘递增,子午岭区的景观生态风险有所降低,生态状况总体好转。子午岭区生态系统服务价值与景观生态风险之间存在显著的负相关关系及明显的负向空间关联性;高价值-低风险区主要为子午岭林区,未来其生态系统服务价值可能会保持不变。     

川滇生态屏障区景观生态风险评价及影响因素

探究重点生态功能区景观生态风险时空演变特征,揭示人类活动对景观生态风险恶化的潜在影响,对防范和化解景观生态风险、促进区域可持续发展具有重要意义。以2000、2010、2020年土地覆被数据为基础,运用ArcGIS 10.8和Fragstats 4.2等软件,基于景观格局指数和脆弱度指数构建景观生态风险评价模型,借助空间分析方法,揭示川滇生态屏障区景观生态风险时空演变特征,采用地理探测器测度不同区域范围的自然和社会经济因素对景观生态风险的影响。结果表明: 2000—2020年间,研究区人造地表、水体、灌木地面积总体呈上升趋势,林地、耕地、草地、湿地、裸地、冰川永久积雪面积总体呈下降趋势,景观类型转移以林地、草地、耕地间转移为主,其中,耕地转人造地表最显著;景观生态风险平均值有所下降,景观生态风险等级分布与景观类型变化及转移特征较为一致;研究区整体上以低生态风险、较低生态风险和较高生态风险等级为主;景观生态风险的时空演化特征总体受高程、降水等自然因素影响,经济社会及区域可达性对局部风险恶化区的影响较为突出。     

6种复配杀虫剂对七星瓢虫的毒力测定及风险评估

采用药膜法分别测定了10％甲维盐·茚虫威悬浮剂、12％甲维盐·虫螨腈悬浮剂、12％虫螨腈·虱螨脲悬浮剂、14％呋虫胺·螺虫乙酯悬浮剂、22％吡虫啉·螺虫乙酯悬浮剂和6％吡虫啉·高效氯氟氰菊酯悬浮剂6种复配杀虫剂对七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus幼虫急性毒性,并进行了初级风险评估.结果 显示,6种药剂对七星瓢虫48 h的LR5o(半致死用量,Median lethal rate)分别为0.812、2.255、4.082、22.735、6.755和0.00467 g a.i/hm2.在农田内暴露场景下,6种复配杀虫剂对七星瓢虫风险均不可接受;在农田外暴露场景下,仅有14％呋虫胺·螺虫乙酯悬浮剂和22％吡虫啉·螺虫乙酯悬浮剂对七星瓢虫风险可接受,其它均不可接受.结果 表明在田间最大推荐用量下,6种药剂对七星瓢虫的初级风险评价均存在高风险.     

莫古礼(Floyd Alonzo McClure)在华采集和引种竹类植物的历史及其影响

竹类植物是美国采集者在我国采集和引种的一类主要植物。在众多的竹类植物采集者中, 莫古礼(Floyd Alonzo McClure)是最具代表性的一位, 他于1919-1940年在岭南大学开展竹类植物研究, 在此期间多次采集竹类植物标本并引种竹类植物到美国。本研究通过大量文献研究、档案查阅以及实地调研, 整理了莫古礼采集竹类植物的路线和采集地, 并对竹类植物学名进行校对, 分析了莫古礼在华研究、采集和引种竹类植物的历史及其影响。经统计, 莫古礼在华期间竹类植物标本采集地涉及12个省级行政区39个地级市, 主要集中在广东、海南、香港等地; 引种地涉及9个省级行政区的25个地级市; 共采集竹类植物标本727号1,840份, 隶属20属93种(含种下单位, 下同), 分别占我国竹类植物属和种的58.8%和17.4%; 共引种竹类植物255份, 隶属于17属77种, 分别占我国竹类植物属和种的50.0%和14.4%。莫古礼在华采集和引种竹类植物极大地发展了竹类植物分类学, 所采集的竹类植物标本为后人竹类植物研究提供了极大的帮助, 所引种的竹类植物极大丰富了美国竹类植物种类, 也促进了竹类植物在美国的应用。