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51.
The distribution of dens and den use by the red fox was studied in Kumamoto Prefecture between 1968 and 1982. A total of 80
dens were classified into natal, residential, and temporarily-visited dens. Natal dens comprised 12.4% of all dens. Relative
proportions were quite stable for a long period. This indicates a constant number of reproducing females in the area for a
considerable length of time. Seasonally the utilization of den showed three peaks in February, May and October. The peaks
coincided well with the peaks of reproductive activity of female foxes. The results of multiple regression analysis of distribution
of dens with respect to selected environmental parameters around densites indicated that the fox selectively utilize open
land, rather than densely vegetated areas. The persistence of dens, the selective utilization by foxes of open land and the
sizes of dens were all related to the breeding activities of female foxes inhabiting the area. Reproductive females usually
used plural dens (“den group”) in one reproductive season. The numbers of those females occuring in the area were maintained
at a steady level for fairy long periods. These indicate that the existence of a stable social relationship between females
mediated through occupancy of “den groups.” 相似文献
52.
53.
54.
Changes in gas exchange characteristics and water use efficiency of mangroves in response to salinity and vapour pressure deficit 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
Summary Measurements were made of the photosynthetic gas exchange properties and water use efficiency of 19 species of mangrove in 9 estuaries with different salinity and climatic regimes in north eastern Australia and Papua New Guinea. Stomatal conductance and CO2 assimilation rates differed significantly between species at the same locality, with the salt-secreting species, Avicennia marina, consistently having the highest CO2 assimilation rates and stomatal conductances. Proportional changes in stomatal conductance and CO2 assimilation rate resulted in constant and similar intercellular CO2 concentrations for leaves exposed to photon flux densities above 800 mol·m-2·s-1 in all species at a particular locality. In consequence, all species at the same locality had similar water use efficiencies. There were, however, significant differences in gas exchange properties between different localities. Stomatal conductance and CO2 assimilation rate both decreased with increasing salinity and with increasing leaf to air vapour pressure deficit (VPD). Furthermore, the slope of the relationship between assimilation rate and stomatal conductance increased, while intercellular CO2 concentration decreased, with increasing salinity and with decreasing ambient relative humidity. It is concluded from these results that the water use efficiency of mangroves increases with increasing environmental stress, in this case aridity, thereby maximising photosynthetic carbon fixation while minimising water loss.Contribution No. 459 from the Australian Institute of Marine Science 相似文献
55.
Summary In the Chihuahuan Desert of southern New Mexico, both water and nitrogen limit the primary productivity of Larrea tridentata, a xerophytic evergreen shrub. Net photosynthesis was positively correlated to leaf N, but only in plants that received supplemental water. Nutrient-use efficiency, defined as photosynthetic carbon gain per unit N invested in leaf tissue, declined with increasing leaf N. However, water-use efficiency, defined as the ratio of photosynthesis to transpiration, increased with increasing leaf N, and thus these two measures of resource-use efficiency were inversely correlated. Resorption efficiency was not significantly altered over the nutrient gradient, nor was it affected by irrigation treatments. Leaf longevity decreased significantly with fertilization although the absolute magnitude of this decrease was fairly small, in part due to a large background of insect-induced mortality. Age-specific gas exchange measurements support the hypothesis that leaf aging represents a redistribution of resources, rather than actual deterioration or declining resource-use efficiency. 相似文献
56.
Water use efficiency and carbon isotope composition of plants in a cold desert environment 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Summary The effects of the availabilities of water and nitrogen on water use efficiency (WUE) of plants were investigated in a sagebrush steppe. The four species studied wereArtemisia tridentata (shrub),Ceratoides lanata (suffrutescent shrub),Elymus lanceolatus (rhizomatous grass), andElymus elymoides (tussock grass). Water and nitrogen levels were manipulated in a two-by-two factorial design resulting in four treatments: control (no additions), added water, added nitrogen, and added water and nitrogen. One instantaneous and two long-term indicators of WUE were used to testa priori predictions of the ranking of WUE among treatments. The short-term indicator was the instantaneous ratio of assimilation to transpiration (A/E). The long-term measures were 1) the slope of the relationship between conductance to water vapor and maximum assimilation and 2) the carbon isotope composition (13C) of plant material. Additional water decreased WUE, whereas additional nitrogen increased WUE. For both A/E and 13C, the mean for added nitrogen alone was significantly greater than the mean for added water alone, and means for the control and added water and nitrogen fell in between. This ranking of WUE supported the hypothesis that both water and nitrogen limit plant gas exchange in this semiarid environment. The short- and long-term indicators were in agreement, providing evidence in support of theoretical models concerning the water cost of carbon assimilation. 相似文献
57.
Minesoils developed from lignite surface mining in Texas are nutrient-poor and have a high N retention capacity. A major concern of landowners and soil conservationists is the response of Coastal bermudagrass to the application of low rates of ammonium-N fertilizer on these nutrient-poor minesoils. A glasshouse study, using15N-labelled ammonium sulfate fertilizer and lignite minesoil, was conducted to measure Coastal bermudagrass biomass production and fertilizer recovery during establishment in response to clipping at 2, 4, and 8 week intervals. At N rates of 0, 40, and 80 kg N ha–1,increases in N fertilization increased Coastal bermudagrass aboveground biomass 5-fold, but showed only small increases in belowground biomass. Recovery of ammonium-N fertilizer ranged from 54 to 63%. Roots contained approximately the same N content across all fertilizer rates suggesting that young, estabilishing, Coatal bermudagrass roots reserve N until their N requirement is met. As more N is obtained above that which was needed to maintain roots, then additional N taken up by the plant was transported to aboveground plant parts for growth. Frequent clipping intensified N transport to aboveground tissues. Reduced amounts of N were contained in roots after clipping due to reductions in root growth, biomass, and resource demand. Fertilization of Coastal bermudagrass at low N rates with different N fertilizer forms influenced the distribution of N in the plant and affected N recovery by different parts of the plant. 相似文献
58.
Diurnal variation in ion content of the solution bathing roots of two plants growing together in sand culture was analysed
for three pairs of grass-legume species (Lolium multiflorum andTrifolium pratense; Zea mays andGlycine hispida; Avena sativa andVicia sativa) and their monospecific controls. Biomass and nitrogen content of plants were determined.
Ion concentration (NO
3
−
, NO
2
−
, NH
4
+
, and K+) and pH of root solutions were measured for Lolium-Trifolium plant pairs and controls at 6 hours intervals over 36 h, starting
at 8 am within a circadian cycle. Root solutions were regularly depleted in NO
3
−
by the grasses (Lolium-Lolium control) throughout the cycle. For associations involving the legume (Lolium-Trifolium and
Trifolium-Trifolium), NO
3
−
depletion was followed by NO
3
−
enrichment at night, from late afternoon to early morning; the enrichment was more marked for the Lolium-Trifolium association.
Solutions which did not contain NO
2
−
ions, were enriched by trace amounts of NH
4
+
ions, largely depleted in K+ and alkalanized for all associations throughout the cycle.
Repeating the experiment with the three pairs of species at the vegetative phase of development confirmed the previous results:
NO
3
−
enrichment during the night for associations with legumes. When the experiment was repeated with older plants which had almost
completed their flowering stage, depletion only was observed and no NO
3
−
enrichment.
These data suggest that NO
3
−
enrichment results from N excretion from active nodulated roots of the legume, accounting for the increase in both biomass
and nitrogen content of the companion grass in grass-legume association. The quantitative importance and periodicity of nitrogen
excretion as well as the origin of nitrate enrichment are discussed. 相似文献
59.
Nitrate reduction in roots and shoots and exchange of reduced N between organs were quantitatively estimated in intact 13-d-old seedlings of two-row barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Daisengold) using the 15N-incorporation model (A. Gojon et al. (1986) Plant Physiol. 82, 254–260), except that NH
+
4
was replaced by NO
-
2
. N-depleted seedlings were exposed to media containing both nitrate (1.8 mM) and nitrite (0.2 mM) under a light-dark cycle of 12:12 h at 20°C; the media contained different amounts of 15N labeling. Experiments were started either immediately after the beginning (expt. 1) or immediately prior to the end (expt. 2) of the light period, and plants were sampled subsequently at each light-dark transition throughout 36 h. The plants effectively utilized 15NO
-
3
and accumulated it as reduced 15N, predominantly in the shoots. Accumulation of reduced 15N in both experiments was nearly the same at the end of the experiment but the accumulation pattern in roots and shoots during each 12-h period differed greatly depending on time and the light conditions. In expt. 1, the roots accounted for 31% (light), 58% (dark), and 9% (light) of nitrate reduction by the whole plants, while in expt. 2 the contributions of the root were 82% (dark), 20% (light), and 29% (dark), during each of the three 12-h periods. Xylem transport of nitrate drastically decreased in the dark, but that of reduced N rather increased. The downward translocation of reduced 15N increased while nitrate reduction in the root decreased, whereas upward translocation decreased while nitrate reduction in the shoot increased. We conclude that the cycling of reduced N through the plant is important for N feeding of each organ, and that the transport system of reduced N by way of xylem and phloem, as well as nitrate reduction by root and shoot, can be modulated in response to the relative magnitude of reduced-N demands by the root and shoot, with the one or the other predominating under different circumstances.Symbols Anl
accumulation of reduced 15N from 15NO
-
3
in 14NO
-
3
-fed roots of divided root system
- Ar
accumulation in root of reduced 15N from 15NO
-
3
- As
accumulation in shoot of reduced 15N from 15NO
-
3
- Rr
15NO
-
3
reduction in root
- Rs
15NO
-
3
reduction in shoot
- Tp
translocation to root of shoot-reduced 15N from 15NO
-
3
in phloem
- Tx
translocation to shoot of root-reduced 15N from 15NO
-
3
in xylem 相似文献
60.
A horizontal plexiglas tube containing a food-reward was presented to four naive tufted capuchins and suitable sticks were
provided to push the reward out. Three monkeys out of four spontaneously used the tools and showed very different styles of
solving the task. In more complex conditions, in which the sticks needed to be combined or actively modified in order to become
effective, the monkeys were always successful; however, their performance was loaded with errors which did not disappear throughout
the trials. Evidence of a difference between success in solving the problem and its understanding was found. This suggests
that although capuchins can discover new means through active experimentation, they do not mentally represent the characteristics
necessary for a tool to be effective, nor do they modify the tool appropriately beforehand. At this level, a major difference
with chimpanzees emerges. 相似文献