存在睡眠呼吸异常的慢病患者呼吸影响心率变异性的初步分析*

目的: 基于整体整合生理学医学理论提出的呼吸引起循环指标变异的假说,分析研究存在睡眠呼吸异常的慢病患者睡眠期间呼吸和心率变异之间的相关关系。方法: 纳入存在睡眠呼吸异常且呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）≥15次/小时的慢病患者11例,签署知情同意书后完成标准化症状限制性极限运动的心肺运动试验（CPET）和睡眠呼吸监测,计算分析病人睡眠期间波浪式呼吸（OB）期与正常平稳呼吸期的呼吸鼻气流、心电图R-R间期心率变异的规律。结果: 存在睡眠呼吸异常的慢病患者CPET峰值摄氧量（Peak VO₂）和无氧阈（AT）为（70.8±13.6）%pred和（71.2±6.1）%pred;CPET有5例存在运动诱发的波浪式呼吸（EIOB）,6例为呼吸不稳定,提示整体功能状态低于正常人。本组慢病患者AHI为每小时（28.8±10.0）次,睡眠呼吸异常总时间占睡眠总时间的比值为（0.38±0.25）;OB周期的平均时间长度为（51.1±14.4）s。本组慢病患者正常平稳呼吸期的呼吸周期数与心率变异周期数的比值（B-n/HRV-B-n）为1.00±0.04,每个呼吸周期节律的心率变异平均幅度（HRV-B-M）为（2.64±1.59） bpm,虽然低于正常人（P<0.05）,但却与无睡眠呼吸异常的慢病患者相似（P>0.05）;HRV-B-M的变异度CV（HRV-B-M的SD/x）为( 0.33±0.11）,期间血氧饱和度（SpO₂）虽略低,但并无明显规律性下降与上升。本组慢病患者的OB期间呼吸周期数与心率变异周期数（OB-B-n/OB-HRV-B-n）比值为（1.22±0.18）,OB期每个呼吸周期节律的心率变异平均幅度（OB-HRV-B-M）为（3.56±1.57）bpm及其变异度（OB-CV =OB-HRV-B-M的SD/x）为（0.59±0.28）,每个OB周期节律的心率变异平均幅度（OB-HRV-OB-M）为（13.75±4.25）bpm,OB期间低通气时SpO₂出现明显的下降,OB期间SpO₂平均变异幅度（OB-SpO₂-OB-M）为（4.79±1.39）%,OB期的OB-B-n/OB-HRV-B-n比值、OB-HRV-OB-M比其正常平稳呼吸期对应指标显著增大（P<0.01）。OB-HRV-B-M虽然与正常平稳呼吸期HRV-B-M相比差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,但其变异度OB-CV却显著增大（P<0.01）。结论: 睡眠呼吸异常的慢病患者OB期的心率变异幅度大于其正常平稳呼吸期,当呼吸模式发生改变时心率变异也发生明显改变,其平稳呼吸期的呼吸周期数与心率变异周期数的比值与正常人以及无睡眠呼吸异常的慢病患者相同,证实心率变异为呼吸源性;而其OB期间心率变异周期数相对于呼吸周期减少直接源于此时的低通气或者呼吸暂停,心率变异也是呼吸源性。     

诱集植物在农业中的应用研究进展与展望

全世界每年因病虫害导致严重的农业经济损失, 为了减少病虫害的发生, 实际生产中通常使用大量化学农药, 然而农药的大量施用, 不仅造成环境污染和农产品安全问题, 还会使病虫害产生抗药性, 天敌种群受损, 从而导致病虫害爆发日益严重。种植诱集植物是一种环境友好型病虫害防控方法, 该方法主要是通过诱集植物吸引虫害和降低病害, 从而减少病虫害对主栽作物的危害, 达到保护主栽作物的目的, 最终减少农业上化学农药的使用。根据诱集植物自身特性, 将其分为五种主导作用类型: 传统诱集植物、致死型诱集植物、基因工程型诱集植物、生物辅助控制型诱集植物、化学信息素辅助作用型诱集植物等, 根据种植和利用方式, 将其分为: 围种诱集、间种诱集、连作诱集、与其它方式结合等。尽管关于诱集植物的研究已有近160年历史, 但有关高效诱集植物的筛选、诱集植物与主栽作物的优化配置模式与配套种植技术、诱集植物对靶标病虫害的作用机理、诱集植物在农业生产中的生态风险评估等仍不清楚, 且诱集植物仍具有较大开发潜力和应用价值, 如(1)开发应用诱集植物的环境污染修复功能及相关技术; (2)开发应用诱集植物的景观生态与休闲旅游功能及相关技术; (3)开发利用诱集植物对土壤的养分转化与固持提升功能(如固氮、固碳、固土功能等)、生物质能源功能、节能减排功能及相关技术; (4)开发应用诱集植物及其废弃物的经济产品功能及其可持续生产技术。论文综述了近年来国内外有关诱集植物的相关研究与实践应用, 旨在为诱集植物在农业生产中进行病虫害防治研究和应用提供相关参考。     

Social networks based on frequency of roost cohabitation do not reflect association rates of Myotis lucifugus within their roosts

Bats are a group of mammals well known for forming dynamic social groups. Studies of bat social structures are often based upon the frequency at which bats occupy the same roosts because observing bats directly is not always possible. However, it is not always clear how closely bats occupying the same roost associate with each other, obscuring whether associations result from social relationships or factors such as shared preferences for roosts. Our goal was to determine if bats cohabitating buildings were also found together inside roosts by using anti‐collision technology for PIT tags, which enables simultaneous detection of multiple tags. We PIT‐tagged 293 female little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus) and installed antennas within two buildings used as maternity roosts in Yellowstone National Park. Antennas were positioned at roost entryways to generate cohabitation networks and along regions of attic ceilings in each building to generate intraroost networks based on proximity of bats to each other. We found that intraroost and cohabitation networks of buildings were significantly correlated, with the same bats tending to be linked in both networks, but that bats cohabitating the same building often roosted apart, leading to differing assessments of social structure. Cohabitation rates implied that bats associate with a greater number of their roost‐mates than was supported by observations within the roost. This caused social networks built upon roost cohabitation rates to be denser, smaller in diameter, and contain nodes with higher average degree centrality. These results show that roost cohabitation does not reflect preference for roost‐mates in little brown myotis, as is often inferred from similar studies, and that social network analyses based on cohabitation may provide misleading results.     

旅游干扰对云丘山景区内植被的影响

选择云丘山景区为研究区域,以该区域的主要植被为研究对象,采用样方法对旅游干扰对云丘山景区内植被的影响进行了研究,共设置了40个乔木样方,并利用TWINSPAN聚类分析以及旅游干扰程度（TDD）对所取样方进行分析。结果表明：TWINSPAN聚类分类将景区内的植物群落划分为5个群系,其中、群系Ⅱ中伴人植物的优势度明显高于其它。干扰程度分析表明,在景区的40个乔木样方中,只有4个样方基本没有受到干扰,有3个样方受到中度干扰,其余的33个样方均为轻度干扰。TWINSPAN聚类分析科学合理地对旅游活动作用下植被景观的类型特征进行了分析。旅游干扰程度（TDD）直观地反映出各个样方所在地植被被干扰的程度,该研究结果可为旅游管理者提供一定的理论依据。     

Plant communities of the montane mesophilous grasslands (Polygono bistortae–Trisetion flavescentis alliance) in central Europe: Formalized classification and syntaxonomical revision

Abstract

The research conducted here presents a syntaxonomical revision of the montane mesophilous meadows of the Polygono bistortae-Trisetion flavescentis alliance in central Europe – the Slovak part of the western and eastern Carpathians. These typical semi-natural grasslands occur mainly as small islands over the calcareous bedrocks. Associations of this alliance have tight relationships to the Arrhenatherion, Mesobromion and Nardo-Agrostion alliances. Formal definitions based on combination of the species groups were used regarding the diversity and geographical range of the Polygono bistortae-Trisetion flavescentis alliance. Following the formal definitions from the eight associations reported previously for Slovakia, only four of them can be placed within the Polygono bistortae-Trisetion flavescentis: Campanulo glomeratae-Geranietum sylvatici, Geranio sylvatici-Trisetetum, Crepido mollis-Agrostietum capillaries and Geranio-Alchemilletum crinitae. A comparison of traditional and formalized classification, and the advantages/disadvantages of the formalized classification are discussed.     

Specific root length as an indicator of environmental change

Abstract

Specific root length (SRL, m g^?1) is probably the most frequently measured morphological parameter of fine roots. It is believed to characterize economic aspects of the root system and to be indicative of environmental changes. The main objectives of this paper were to review and summarize the published SRL data for different tree species throughout Europe and to assess SRL under varying environmental conditions. Meta-analysis was used to summarize the response of SRL to the following manipulated environmental conditions: fertilization, irrigation, elevated temperature, elevated CO₂, Al-stress, reduced light, heavy metal stress and physical disturbance of soil. SRL was found to be strongly dependent on the fine root classes, i.e. on the ectomycorrhizal short roots (ECM), and on the roots <0.5 mm, <1 mm, <2 mm and 1 – 2 mm in diameter SRL was largest for ECM and decreased with increasing diameter. Changes in soil factors influenced most strongly the SRL of ECM and roots <0.5 mm. The variation in the SRL components, root diameter and root tissue density, and their impact on the SRL value were computed. Meta-analyses showed that SRL decreased significantly under fertilization and Al-stress; it responded negatively to reduced light, elevated temperature and CO_2. We suggest that SRL can be used successfully as an indicator of nutrient availability to trees in experimental conditions.     

Forest vascular plants as indicators of plant species richness: A data analysis of a flora atlas from northwestern Germany

Abstract

Our study had the objective to examine whether the number of forest vascular plants in a forest-poor region may be indicative of total plant species richness and of the number of threatened plant species. We also related forest plant species richness to geological and soil variables. The analysis was based on a regional flora atlas from the Weser-Elbe region in northwestern Germany including incidence data of species in a total of 1109 grid cells (each ca. 2.8 × 2.8 km²). All taxa were classified either as forest or non-forest species. Total species richness in the grid cells ranged from 65 to 597, with a mean value of 308. The number of forest species varied between 20 and 309 (mean 176). Grid cells with or without particular geological units differed in total and forest species richness, with those containing peatland and marshland being particularly species-poor. Indicator value analysis showed that both total and forest species richness in the grid cells were related to soil acidity and nitrogen in a hump-backed manner, with the highest number of species found at moderately low values for nitrogen and at intermediate values of pH. Forest species richness was highly positively correlated with the number of non-forest species and threatened non-forest species. Indicators for high species richness were primarily those species that are confined to closed semi-natural forests with a varied topography and relatively base- and nutrient-rich soils. Grid cells including historically ancient forest exhibited a higher species richness than grid cells lacking ancient forest, indicating the importance of a long habitat continuity for a high phytodiversity. The “habitat coincidence” of high species richness is best explained by similar responses of forest species and species of other habitats to the main environmental gradients. It is suggested that the regional patterns found for the Weser-Elbe region can be transferred also to other forest-poor regions in Central Europe.