祁连山东段高寒植被群落特征及其与地形气候因子关系研究

地形气候因子与物种分布的关系影响着高寒植被群落的演替,同时对山地水源涵养林功能和结构的维持具有重要的意义。以祁连山东段水源涵养林为研究对象,基于野外植物群落物种组成及地形气候因子调查数据,运用数量分类与排序等方法,探究了高寒植物群落特征及其与地形气候因子的关系。结果表明:65个调查样方中出现181个植物种,隶属40科,124属。科的物种组成及占总物种数比例分别为菊科30个种,占16.57%;蔷薇科17个,占9.44%;禾本科13个种,占7.22%;豆科11个种,占6.11%。毛茛科10个种,占5.56%。单属种82个,占总属数的66.13%。群落层片由乔木层、灌木层和草本层组成,乔木8种,灌木25种,草本148种。乔木层优势种有青海云杉、祁连圆柏、红桦。灌木层优势种有金露梅、山生柳、匙叶小檗、高山绣线菊。草本层优势种有甘肃薹草、珠芽蓼、早熟禾、唐松草、甘青蒿。TWINSPAN将高寒植被群落划分为7个群丛类型:群丛I红桦-红花蔷薇-甘肃薹草B.albosinensis-Rosa moyesii-C.kansuensis,群丛II青海云杉-匙叶小檗-甘肃薹草P.crassifolia-B....     

亚洲飞蝗在中国新疆维吾尔自治区的发生与防治

从亚洲飞蝗在新疆发生基地的生境特点;形成和消退过程,分析亚洲飞蝗灾害发生消退的原因。自然条件变化和人们经济活动常改变亚洲飞蝗发生基地的生态条件及环境,并诱发或抑制飞蝗灾害的发生。文章指出根治亚洲飞蝗灾害的有效途径是贯彻“改治并举、根除蝗”的方针;加强蝗情监测;适时防治以及通过水利建设和农田开垦,改变飞蝗发生基地和生态条件等。     

基于RS的湖岸带物理结构完整性评价方法——以查干湖为例

以查干湖流域为研究区,利用RS和GIS技术,基于水利部《河流(湖)健康评估指标、标准与方法 V1.0》并加以改进,以500m×1000m为评价基本单元,整个研究区共有315个物理结构基本评价单元,建立基于RS的湖岸带物理结构完整性评价体系,该评价体系由目标层、准则层和指标层构成,其中准则层由湖岸带状况、湖岸线发育率和湖泊萎缩率3项组成,指标层由地形坡度、植被覆盖率等8项指标构成。研究结果表明:38个监测点中,查干湖23个,新庙泡15个,基于RS物理结构评价结果分别为0.67—0.76和0.35—0.45,地面实测评价结果分别是0.64—0.77和0.35—0.55。两种评价方法结果一致,并表明查干湖的湖岸带物理结构健康状态属于健康,新庙泡则属于亚健康。     

Stable isotope-based statistical tools as ecological indicator of pollution sources in Mediterranean transitional water ecosystems

N-stable isotope analysis of macroalgae has become a popular method for the monitoring of nitrogen pollution in aquatic ecosystems. Basing on changes in their δ¹⁵N, macroalgae have been successfully used as biological traps to intercept nitrogen inputs. As different nitrogen sources differ in their isotopic signature, this technique provides useful information on the origin of pollutants and their extension in the water body. However, isotopic fractionation potentially resulting from microbial nitrogen processing, and indirect isotopic variations due to effects of physicochemical conditions on algal nutrient uptake and metabolism, may affect anthropogenic N isotopic values during transportation and assimilation. This in turn can affect the observed isotopic signature in the algal tissue, inducing isotopic variations not related to the origin of assimilated nitrogen, representing a “background noise” in isotope-based water pollution studies.In this study, we focused on three neighbouring coastal lakes (Caprolace, Fogliano and Sabaudia lakes) located south of Rome (Italy). Lakes were characterized by differences in terms of anthropogenic pressure (i.e. urbanization, cultivated crops, livestock grazing) and potential “background noise” levels (i.e. nutrient concentration, pH, microbial concentration). Our aim was to assess nitrogen isotopic variations in fragments of Ulva lactuca specimens after 48 h of submersion to identify and locate the origins of nitrogen pollutants affecting each lake. δ¹⁵N were obtained for replicated specimens of U. lactuca spatially distributed to cover the entire surface of each lake, previously collected from a benchmark, unpolluted site. In order to reduce the environmental background noise on isotopic observations, a Bayesian hierarchical model relating isotopic variation to environmental covariates and random spatial effects was used to describe and understand the distribution of isotopic signals in each lake.Our procedure (i) allowed to remove background noise and confounding effects from the observed isotopic signals; (ii) allowed to detect “hidden” pollution sources that would not be detected when not accounting for the confounding effect of environmental background noise; (iii) produced maps of the three lakes providing a clear representation of the isotopic signal variation even where background noise was high. Maps were useful to locate nitrogen pollution sources, identify the origin of the dissolved nitrogen and quantify the extent of pollutants, showing localized organic pollution impacting Sabaudia and Fogliano, but not Caprolace. This method provided a clear characterization of both intra- and inter-lake anthropogenic pressure gradients, representing a powerful approach to the ecological indication and nitrogen pollution management in complex systems, as transitional waterbodies are.     

生态系统健康评价的研究进展

生态系统健康评价是环境管理和生态系统监控的基础,生态系统监控可促进生态系统健康评价。首先介绍了生态系统健康概念的产生,发展及其不同的内涵,并着重回顾和讨论了生态系统健康评价指标及其存在的问题,生态系统健康评价指标包括生态指标,物理化学指标,人类健康与社会经济指标3大类,生态指标是反映生态系统特征和状态的生物指标,它分为生态系统,群落和种群与个体等不同层次的指标或指标体系,物理化学指标是检测生态系统的非生物环境的指标。人类健康与社会经济指标着眼于生态系统对人类生存与社会发展的支持作用,采用经济参数和社会发展的环境压力指标等来衡量生态服务的质量与可持续性,根据其敏感程度和功能性,生态系统健康评价指标分为早期预警指标,适宜程度指标和诊断指标3类,一个完整的生态系统评价应包括上述3大类指标或指标体系,但在具体的评价实践中往往因评价目的和对象的不同而有所选择,生态系统健康评价目前有两个亟待解决的问题,如何有效确立评价标准与参照系以及如何正确区分人为压力和自然干扰。     

Dominance in demand-feeding behaviour in Arctic charr and rainbow trout: the effect of stocking density

The effects of stocking density on the demand feeding behaviour of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were evaluated using demand feeders in combination with a monitoring system based on automatic passive integrated transponders. The proportion of total bites accounted for by top-ranked charr and trout decreased from 87 to 15% and from 66 to 15%, respectively, when moving from the lowest to the highest densities, indicating that the ability of the highest-ranked fish to monopolize the demand feeders was reduced at high densities. However, when the individuals were grouped into quartiles, based on their individual rank, both charr and trout ranked within the upper quartile accounted for the majority of bites independent of stocking density (87 and 72% of the total, respectively). Instead of there being a single dominant individual, as was the case under low density conditions, a small group of individuals dominated the actuation of the trigger at high densities. The two species responded differently to crowding, with the total daily bite activity of charr increasing linearly with increasing density, whereas the corresponding relationship was quadratic for rainbow trout, with a peak value at 24 to 36kg m⁻³.     

Imaging Membrane Potential with Two Types of Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Voltage Sensors

Genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) have improved to the point where they are beginning to be useful for in vivo recordings. While the ultimate goal is to image neuronal activity in vivo, one must be able to image activity of a single cell to ensure successful in vivo preparations. This procedure will describe how to image membrane potential in a single cell to provide a foundation to eventually image in vivo. Here we describe methods for imaging GEVIs consisting of a voltage-sensing domain fused to either a single fluorescent protein (FP) or two fluorescent proteins capable of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) in vitro. Using an image splitter enables the projection of images created by two different wavelengths onto the same charge-coupled device (CCD) camera simultaneously. The image splitter positions a second filter cube in the light path. This second filter cube consists of a dichroic and two emission filters to separate the donor and acceptor fluorescent wavelengths depending on the FPs of the GEVI. This setup enables the simultaneous recording of both the acceptor and donor fluorescent partners while the membrane potential is manipulated via whole cell patch clamp configuration. When using a GEVI consisting of a single FP, the second filter cube can be removed allowing the mirrors in the image splitter to project a single image onto the CCD camera.     

Apple and peach fruit volatiles and the apple constituent butyl hexanoate attract female oriental fruit moth, Cydia molesta, in the laboratory

Volatiles emitted from immature and mature peach and apple fruits were all attractive to mated female oriental fruit moth, Cydia molesta (Busck), in a dual choice arena. Females did not discriminate between odours emitted by these two major host plants. The same natural blends were behaviourally ineffective for virgin females. A major component of apple fruit volatiles, butyl hexanoate, also attracted female C. molesta. Mated females were attracted to two medium dosages, while virgin females responded positively to the lowest of the five dosages tested. The time course of the captures of the moths shows a diurnal activity cycle known from the field. The possible implications of a semiochemical which attracts females are discussed in the context of previous findings that gravid females may immigrate from peaches into apple orchards particularly in the later phase of the season.     

The influence of crop rotation on the onset of early blight (Alternaria solani)

Field experiments were carried out in 2016 and 2017 to determine the effect of crop rotation on the onset of early blight in three potato varieties in Denmark. Six and seven fields with different histories with potato (rotation‐fields) were used for the experiments in 2016 and 2017, respectively. The results showed that variety and the interaction between variety and rotation‐field had no significant effect on the onset of early blight. Rotation‐field, on the other hand, had a significant effect on the onset of early blight in both years of the study. Early blight occurred earlier in fields with <2 years between subsequent potato crops than in fields where potatoes have not been grown for at least 2 years. The onset of early blight was not different between the fields where there had not been potatoes for at least 2 years. For fields that were preceded by potatoes, early blight occurred earlier in fields in which the severity of early blight in the previous years was higher than that in the fields in which the severity of early blight in the previous years was low or moderate. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that at least a 2‐year interval between subsequent potatoes in a rotation cycle is necessary to delay the onset of early blight. Moreover, the severity of early blight in the previous years can affect the onset of early blight.