Thermogenesis, energy intake and serum leptin in Apodemus chevrieri in Hengduan Mountains region during cold acclimation

Environmental factors play an important role in the seasonal adaptation of body mass and thermogenesis in small, wild mammals. The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that ambient temperature was a cue to trigger the adjustments in body mass, energy intake, and serum leptin level in Apodemus chevrieri during 42 days of cold exposure. Our data demonstrated that cold acclimation induced a decrease in body mass and a significant increase in energy intake in A. chevrieri. Serum leptin levels were positively correlated with body mass and fat mass. These data suggest that A. chevrieri reduced the body mass and increased energy intake and thermogenic capacity under cold acclimation. Further, serum leptin appears to be involved in the energy intake regulation and thermoregulation.     

Breast fine needle aspiration cytology: a review of current practice in Australasia

M. C. Cummings, B. A. Waters and P. K. O’Rourke Breast fine needle aspiration cytology: a review of current practice in Australasia Aims: To investigate breast fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology in Australasia, in terms of laboratory demographics, specimens received and quality control (QC). Methods: A questionnaire was sent to all laboratories enrolled in the FNA module of the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia Cytopathology Quality Assurance Program (QAP), requesting information about specimens received in a 3‐month period in 2001 and in 2008. Results: Responses were received from 81/180 laboratories in 2001 and from 94/200 in 2008. The mean number of cases per 3 months was 137 in 2001 and 141 in 2008 and for the 42 laboratories responding on both occasions, the mean number of cases declined from 191 to 149 (P = 0.001). The mean percentage of malignant cases was 11.7% in 2001 and 10.5% in 2008 and the mean percentages of unsatisfactory rates were 21.7% and 25.2%, respectively; 43.2% of laboratories in 2001 and 40.4% in 2008 reported fewer than 50 cases for the 3‐month period. The unsatisfactory rate was inversely proportional to the number of cases received. Most QC (69.1% in 2001, 71.3% in 2008) was carried out by correlation with any later histology. With no histology available, 35.8% of laboratories in 2001 and 48.9% in 2008 did no further follow‐up. Follow‐up of all diagnostic categories increased from 30.9% in 2001 to 44% in 2008. Conclusions: Breast FNA cytology is still actively undertaken in Australasia, but numbers have declined. Unsatisfactory rates have reached the Australian recommended upper limit and are inversely proportional to the total number of cases received. Overall QC measures are unchanged and consideration of a review of breast FNA guidelines is suggested.     

Pre- and post-weaning cold exposure does not lead to an obese phenotype in adult Brandt's voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii)

Evidence has shown that postnatal undernutrition, overnutrition and cold stress are associated with imbalanced metabolic regulation as rodents achieve adulthood. In this study, we used a breeding colony of Brandt's voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii), a wild rodent species from the Inner Mongolia grasslands in China, to examine the effects of pre- and post-weaning cold exposure on the adult body (fat) mass, serum hormones and hypothalamic neuropeptides. Unlike laboratory rodents, vole offspring exposed to pre-weaning cold did not exhibit overweight or obese phenotypes in adulthood compared with unexposed controls. Moreover, adult male voles that remained in colder conditions had less body mass and lower serum leptin levels despite having higher food intake compared to other groups. To understand the mechanism of this unexpected regulation, hypothalamic gene expression was assessed for pre- and post-weaning cold exposure. Voles exposed to cold before weaning increased hypothalamic, orexigenic agouti-related protein (AgRP) and decreased anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA expression at weaning. These expression changes were associated with hyperphagia and catch-up growth after weaning. Interestingly, these changes in hypothalamic neuropeptides were short lasting because in adult voles these differences were no longer apparent, which might explain why the pre-weaning, cold-exposed voles did not become obese in adulthood. These data suggest that some species do not develop an obese phenotype in response to early life cold stress.     

Cysteine supplementation reverses methionine restriction effects on rat adiposity: significance of stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase

Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) is a key enzyme in fatty acid and energy metabolism, but little is known about its nutritional regulation. Dietary methionine restriction in rats decreases hepatic Scd1 mRNA and protein, increases energy expenditure, and decreases fat-pad mass/body-weight% (FM/BW%). In humans, plasma concentrations of the methionine product, cysteine, are associated with obesity. To determine which consequences of methionine-restriction are mediated by decreased cysteine availability, we monitored obesity-related variables in 4 dietary groups for 12 weeks: control-fed (CF), methionine-restricted (MR), MR supplemented with 0.5% l-cysteine (MR+Cys) and CF+Cys rats. MR lowered weight gain and FM/BW% despite higher food intake/weight than CF, and lowered serum cysteine. Hepatic Scd1 expression was decreased, with decreased serum SCD1 activity indices (calculated from serum fatty acid profile), decreased serum insulin, leptin and triglycerides, and higher adiponectin. Cysteine supplementation (MR+Cys) essentially reversed all these phenotypes and raised serum cysteine but not methionine to CF levels. Adding extra cysteine to control diet (CF+Cys) increased serum taurine but did not affect serum cysteine, lipids, proteins, or total weight gain. FM/BW% and serum leptin were modestly decreased. Our results indicate that anti-obesity effects of MR are caused by low cysteine and that dietary sulfur amino acid composition contributes to SCD1 regulation.     

Ultrasonographic evaluation of endometrial thickness near timed AI as a predictor of fertility in high-producing dairy cows

The objectives were to evaluate changes in endometrial thickness (ET) near the time of a synchronized ovulation and to assess the relationship of ET and fertility in lactating Holstein cows, with or without estrogen supplementation near timed ovulation. In Experiment 1, eight cows were examined with transrectal ultrasonography, once daily for 5 d, starting concurrent with PGF_2α (PGF) treatment during an Ovsynch protocol (GnRH - 7d - PGF - 72h - GnRH). The ET increased rapidly after PGF (from ∼7 to ∼9.5 mm), remained > 9 mm for the next 2 d, then decreased to ∼8 and 7.4 mm, 1 and 2 d, respectively, after the second GnRH. In Experiment 2,642 cows (total of 758 breedings) were subjected to an Ovsynch protocol (GnRH - 7d - PGF - 56h - GnRH - 16h - timed AI); cows received either no further treatment (Ovsynch) or 1 mg of estradiol-17β im 8 h before the second GnRH (Ovsynch + E2). For both uterine horns, ET was measured (∼2 cm from the internal uterine body bifurcation) before E2 treatment (48 h after PGF). In cows with ET ≤ 8 mm vs > 8 mm, rates of ovulation were 86.0% (n = 136) vs 98.1% (n = 472; P < 0.01), respectively, and percentage pregnant per AI (P/AI) were 26.7% (n = 146) vs 42.7% (n = 524; P < 0.01). Treatment with E2 increased P/AI in cows with lower ET (Ovsynch + E2 = 37.0% vs Ovsynch = 23.3%; P = 0.07), but did not significantly improve P/AI in cows with ET > 8 mm (Ovsynch + E2 = 43.4% vs Ovsynch = 42.1%). In conclusion, a single ultrasonographic evaluation of ET in Holstein cows 48 h after PGF treatment in an Ovsynch program was a good predictor of ovulation failure and pregnancy success. Perhaps poor fertility in cows with reduced ET was low peripheral E2 concentrations near AI, poor P4 priming, or luteolysis failure during timed AI procedures.     

Rapid parallel evolution of aberrant traits in the diversification of the Gulf of Guinea white-eyes (Aves, Zosteropidae)

Archipelago-endemic bird radiations are familiar to evolutionary biologists as key illustrations of evolutionary patterns. However, such radiations are in fact rare events. White-eyes (Zosteropidae) are birds with an exceptionally high colonization and speciation potential; they have colonized more islands globally than any other passerine group and include the most species-rich bird genus. The multiplication of white-eye island endemics has been consistently attributed to independent colonizations from the mainland; the white-eyes of the Gulf of Guinea archipelago had been seen as a classic case, spanning as great a breadth of phenotypic diversity as the family worldwide. Contrary to this hypothesis, our molecular phylogenetic analysis places the Gulf of Guinea white-eyes in just two radiations, one grouping all five oceanic island taxa and the other grouping continental island and land-bridge taxa. Numerous 'aberrant' phenotypes (traditionally grouped in the genus Speirops) have evolved independently over a short space of time from nonaberrant (Zosterops) phenotypes; the most phenotypically divergent species have separated as recently as 0.22 Ma. These radiations rival those of Darwin's finches and the Hawaiian honeycreepers in terms of the extent of adaptive radiation per unit time, both in terms of species numbers and in terms of phenotypic diversity. Tempo and patterns of morphological divergence are strongly supportive of an adaptive radiation in the oceanic islands driven by ecological interactions between sympatric white-eyes. Here, very rapid phenotypic evolution mainly affected taxa derived from the youngest wave of colonization, in accordance with the model of asymmetric divergence owing to resource competition in sympatry.     

In-vehicle extremity injuries from improvised explosive devices: current and future foci

The conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan have been epitomized by the insurgents' use of the improvised explosive device against vehicle-borne security forces. These weapons, capable of causing multiple severely injured casualties in a single incident, pose the most prevalent single threat to Coalition troops operating in the region. Improvements in personal protection and medical care have resulted in increasing numbers of casualties surviving with complex lower limb injuries, often leading to long-term disability. Thus, there exists an urgent requirement to investigate and mitigate against the mechanism of extremity injury caused by these devices. This will necessitate an ontological approach, linking molecular, cellular and tissue interaction to physiological dysfunction. This can only be achieved via a collaborative approach between clinicians, natural scientists and engineers, combining physical and numerical modelling tools with clinical data from the battlefield. In this article, we compile existing knowledge on the effects of explosions on skeletal injury, review and critique relevant experimental and computational research related to lower limb injury and damage and propose research foci required to drive the development of future mitigation technologies.     

种间互作和施氮对蚕豆/玉米间作生态系统地上部和地下部生长的影响

为河西走廊绿洲灌区豆科/禾本科间作体系的养分管理提供科学依据,于2007年在武威绿洲农业试验站应用田间原位根系行分隔技术研究了蚕豆/玉米种间互作和施氮对玉米抽雄期的根系空间分布、根系形态和作物地上部生长的影响。研究结果表明:种间互作和施氮均增加了玉米和蚕豆在纵向和横向两个尺度上的根重密度、根长密度、根表面积、根系体积。根长密度和根表面积与两种作物产量和氮素吸收均呈正相关,而与蚕豆的根瘤重呈负相关;抽雄期的土壤含水量与玉米产量和养分吸收呈显著的负相关。玉米根系可以占据蚕豆地下部空间,但蚕豆的根却较少到间作玉米的地下部空间,也就是间作后增加了玉米根系水平尺度的生态位。蚕豆和玉米根系主要分布分别在0-40 cm浅土层和0-60 cm 土层,且间作玉米根系在60-120 cm比单作和分隔的多。因此,种间互作和施氮扩大了两作物根系纵向和横向的空间生态位,改变了作物根系形态,即扩展了两者水分和养分吸收的生态位,增加了作物吸收养分的有效空间,从而提高了间作生态系统的生产力。     

长期封育对不同类型草地碳贮量及其固持速率的影响

基于4个长期封育草地,采用成对取样方法(封育-自由放牧草地)分析了长期封育和自由放牧草地地上生物量、地表凋落物、0-100 cm根系和土壤的碳氮贮量,探讨了长期封育草地的碳固持速率。实验结果表明:长期封育显著提高了草地碳氮贮量;经30a围封处理后,草地碳固持量为1401-2858 g C m^-2,平均2126 g C m^-2;草地碳固持速率为46.7-129.2 g C m^-2 a^-1,平均84.2 g C m^-2 a^-1。长期封育草地氮固持速率为2.8-14.7 g N m^-2 a^-1,平均7.3 g N m^-2 a^-1。封育草地碳和氮固持速率表现为:针茅草地＜羊草草地＜退化羊草草地＜补播黄花苜蓿+羊草草地。长期封育草地0-40 cm土壤碳固持速率相对较高,但下层土壤对草地碳固持的贡献也比较大,因此,未来的相关研究应给予下层土壤更大关注。内蒙古典型草地具有巨大的碳固持潜力,长期封育(或禁牧)是实现其碳固持效应最经济、最有效的途径之一。     

东方田鼠警觉对其功能反应的作用格局

植食性哺乳动物功能反应描述了摄入率与植物可利用性变量的动态关系。动物警觉因占用了处理食物时间即觅食中断时间而延迟与下一口食物相遇,引致摄入率降低,进而对功能反应构型产生影响。在新鲜白三叶叶片构成的各类食物密集斑块上,测定东方田鼠觅食行为,建立功能反应函数模型,检验觅食中断对功能反应的作用格局及机制。结果发现,除小叶片斑块觅食中断时间在觅食活动中所占的比例较低外,在大、中型叶片斑块的觅食中断时间比例均达到15.42%-26.82%;尽管,觅食中断使摄入率降低了33%,但东方田鼠功能反应仍为Ⅱ型功能反应。除东方田鼠采食时间及觅食回合时间随叶片重增大保持相对稳定外,处理时间及觅食中断时间均随叶片重增大呈线性递增趋势;采食时间、处理时间及觅食中断时间随口量的增大呈线性递增趋势;采食率随叶片重和口量增大呈指数递减趋势。研究结果揭示,东方田鼠因警觉引起的觅食中断事件是导致采食率及摄入率降低的主要因子。摄入率测定值与模型预测值的线性回归极显著(P < 0.01),表明,新建立的功能反应模型具有良好的可预测性。推测,东方田鼠因警觉引起采食率及摄入率减小的代价,是以延长觅食时间来补偿的。研究结果充分验证了,在可利用性植物密集斑块,由植物大小调控的动物口量决定其摄入率,且受采食和处理食物竞争及觅食中断的制约,其功能反应为Ⅱ型功能反应的假说。