放线菌Act12与腐植酸钾配施对丹参生长及其根域微生态的影响

探讨生防放线菌菌剂与腐植酸钾配施对丹参生长及其根域微生态的影响。以常规移栽处理为对照,研究小区试验中放线菌菌剂与腐植酸钾不同配施比例下对丹参生长、产量及抗根结线虫侵染的影响;并采用稀释平皿涂抹法测定丹参根区土壤、根表土壤、根外土壤及根系中细菌(B)、真菌(F)与放线菌(A)的数量,同时对优势细菌、真菌和放线菌进行了分子生物学鉴定,研究放线菌菌剂与腐植酸钾配施处理下丹参根域微生态变化。研究结果表明:1配施能增强菌剂对丹参的促生效果。菌剂与腐植酸钾配施T20处理丹参出苗率较对照提高8.7%,收获时的死亡率较对照减少39.0%;茎叶鲜质量、根鲜质量、单株根鲜质量、根干质量以及单株根干质量分别较对照增加6.1%、28.6%、11.1%、36.3%以及9.0%。2可以调整丹参植株根域土壤微生态平衡,降低有害微生物数量,增加有益微生物数量,改善微生物区系。在丹参根表土壤中,菌剂与腐植酸钾配施处理B/A值较对照降低78.4%,A/F值较对照增加95.0%。在丹参根系内,菌剂与腐植酸钾配施处理细菌数量较对照增加195.0%,未检测到真菌和放线菌存在。3在放线菌处理丹参根区、根表土壤中,有6株优势菌可能对丹参生长及抗病有益:3株优势细菌分别为硝基愈疮木胶节杆菌(Arthrobacter nitroguajacolicus)、放射型根瘤菌(Rhizobium radiobacter)和弗雷德里克斯堡假单胞菌(Pseudomonas frederiksbergensis);3株优势放线菌分别为淀粉酶产色链霉菌(Streptomyces diastatochromogenes)、砖红链霉菌(S.lateritius)和卡伍尔链霉菌(S.cavourensis)。有2株优势菌疑为有害微生物:优势细菌为耐寒短杆菌(Brevibacterium frigoritolerans),优势放线菌为肿痂链霉菌(S.turgidiscabies)。这2种菌对其他作物的有害作用已有报道。4对丹参根结线虫侵染有强烈抑制作用,可使田间根结线虫侵染率降低49.3%。生防放线菌与腐植酸钾配施处理后能明显促进丹参生长,提高丹参产量及抗病虫能力,调节丹参根域微生态平衡。     

Biotechnical Characteristics of Root Systems of Typical Mediterranean Species

Quantifying patterns of fine root dynamics is crucial to the understanding of ecosystem structure and function, and in predicting how ecosystems respond to disturbance. Part of this understanding involves consideration of the carbon lost through root turnover. In the context of the rainfall pattern in the tropics, it was hypothesised that rainfall would strongly influence fine root biomass and longevity. A field study was conducted to determine root biomass, elemental composition and the influence of rainfall on longevity of fine roots in a tropical lowland evergreen rainforest at Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia. A combination of root coring, elemental analysis and rhizotron observation methods were used. Fine (less than 2 mm diameter) root biomass was relatively low (1700 kg ha −1) compared with previously described rainforest data. Standing root biomass was positively correlated with preceding rainfall, and the low fine root biomass in the dry season contained higher concentrations of N and lower concentrations of P and K than at other times. Observations on rhizotrons demonstrated that the decrease in fine root biomass in the dry season was a product of both a decrease in fine root length appearance and an increase in fine root length disappearance. Fitting an overall model to root survival time showed significant effects of rainfall preceding root disappearance, with the hazard of root disappearance decreasing by 8 for each 1 mm increase in the average daily (30 day) rainfall preceding root disappearance. While it is acknowledged that other factors have a part to play, this work demonstrates the importance of rainfall and soil moisture in influencing root biomass and root disappearance in this tropical rainforest.     

The above-ground coarse wood productivity of 104 Neotropical forest plots

The net primary production of tropical forests and its partitioning between long‐lived carbon pools (wood) and shorter‐lived pools (leaves, fine roots) are of considerable importance in the global carbon cycle. However, these terms have only been studied at a handful of field sites, and with no consistent calculation methodology. Here we calculate above‐ground coarse wood carbon productivity for 104 forest plots in lowland New World humid tropical forests, using a consistent calculation methodology that incorporates corrections for spatial variations in tree‐size distributions and wood density, and for census interval length. Mean wood density is found to be lower in more productive forests. We estimate that above‐ground coarse wood productivity varies by more than a factor of three (between 1.5 and 5.5 Mg C ha^?1 a^?1) across the Neotropical plots, with a mean value of 3.1 Mg C ha^?1 a^?1. There appear to be no obvious relationships between wood productivity and rainfall, dry season length or sunshine, but there is some hint of increased productivity at lower temperatures. There is, however, also strong evidence for a positive relationship between wood productivity and soil fertility. Fertile soils tend to become more common towards the Andes and at slightly higher than average elevations, so the apparent temperature/productivity relationship is probably not a direct one. Coarse wood productivity accounts for only a fraction of overall tropical forest net primary productivity, but the available data indicate that it is approximately proportional to total above‐ground productivity. We speculate that the large variation in wood productivity is unlikely to directly imply an equivalent variation in gross primary production. Instead a shifting balance in carbon allocation between respiration, wood carbon and fine root production seems the more likely explanation.     

Decreased abundance and diversity of culturable Pseudomonas spp. populations with increasing copper exposure in the sugar beet rhizosphere

Recent studies have indicated that culturable bacteria constitute highly sensitive bioindicators of metal-induced stress in soil. We report the impact of different copper exposure levels characteristic of contaminated agricultural soils on culturable Pseudomonas spp. in the rhizosphere of sugar beet. We observed that the abundance of Pseudomonas spp. was much more severely affected than that of the general population of culturable heterotrophic bacteria by copper. For diversity assessment, Pseudomonas isolates were divided into operational taxonomic units based on amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis and genomic PCR fingerprinting by universally primed PCR. Copper significantly decreased the diversity of Pseudomonas spp. in the rhizosphere and significantly increased the frequency of copper-resistant isolates. Concomitant chemical and biological analysis of copper in the rhizosphere and in bulk soil extracts indicated no rhizosphere effect and a relatively low copper bioavailability in the studied soil, suggesting that the observed effects of copper may occur at lower total concentrations in other soils. We conclude that culturable Pseudomonas sensu stricto constitutes a highly sensitive and relevant bioindicator group for the impact of copper in the rhizosphere habitat, and suggest that continued application of copper to agricultural soils poses a significant risk to successful rhizosphere colonization by Pseudomonas spp.     

Synergistic Effects of Organic Contaminants and Soil Organic Matter on the Soil-Water Partitioning and Effectiveness of a Nonionic Surfactant (Triton X-100)

Napthalene- and decane-contaminated soils were treated with Triton X-100 (a nonionic surfactant) to characterize the soil-water partitioning behavior of the surfactant in soils with different organic content. Soil samples with different organic content were prepared by mixing sand-mulch mixtures at different proportions. The experimental results indicated that the amount of surfactant sorbed onto soil increased with increasing soil organic content and increasing surfactant concentration. The effective critical micelle concentration (CMC) also increased with increasing organic content in soil. The CMC of Triton X-100 in aqueous systems without soil was about 0.3 mM and the effective CMC values measured for soil-water-surfactant systems (approximately 1:19 soil/water ratio) with 25%, 50%, and 75% mulch content were 0.9, 1.0, and 1.7 mM, respectively. Sub-CMC surfactant sorption was modeled accurately with both the Freundlich and the linear isotherm. The maximum surfactant sorption onto soil varied from 66% to 82% of added surfactant in the absence of contaminant. The effective CMC values for Triton X-100 increased to some extent in the presence of contaminants, as did the maximum surfactant sorption. The maximum surfactant sorbed onto the soil with 75% mulch content increased from 82% for clean soils, to 95% and 96% for soils samples contaminated with naphthalene and decane, respectively.     

盐胁迫对四季竹细胞膜透性和矿质离子吸收、运输和分配的影响

采用盆栽控制试验,研究了土壤不同NaCl浓度(0(CK)、1‰、2‰、3‰、4‰、5‰和6‰)处理45 d对四季竹叶片脱落率和细胞膜透性以及立竹器官K+、Na+、Ca2+和Cl-等矿质离子的吸收、运输和分配的影响.结果表明,1‰～2‰NaCl处理对四季竹叶片脱落率和离子渗漏率无显著影响,3‰～6‰ NaCl处理显著提高了叶片脱落率和离子渗漏率,四季竹的盐胁迫伤害随土壤盐浓度的增大而加剧.随着Na+、Cl-在四季竹立竹各器官中的显著增加,竹根、竹秆、竹枝K+含量逐渐下降,Ca2+含量变化较小,并且K+、Ca2+在竹根、竹秆中的向上选择性运输能力逐渐减弱.由于竹叶在低浓度(1‰～2‰)和高浓度(3‰～6‰)盐胁迫下分别对Ca2+和K+具有较高的选择性吸收能力,随盐浓度的增大,竹叶K+含量迅速升高,Ca2+含量先升高后下降,这对维持竹叶的营养平衡和正常生长具有重要意义.3‰～6‰NaCl处理时,Na+、Cl-在竹叶中的浓度显著高于立竹其他器官,不仅降低了竹叶的渗透势,有利于水分的向上运输,而且四季竹还可以通过叶片脱落的方式降低体内的盐分含量,减轻盐离子毒害.     

Does elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations affect wood decomposition?

This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that wood tissues generated under elevated atmospheric [CO₂] have lower quality and subsequent reduced decomposition rates. Chemical composition and subsequent field decomposition rates were studied for beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) twigs grown under ambient and elevated [CO₂] in open top chambers. Elevated [CO₂] significantly affected the chemical composition of beech twigs, which had 38% lower N and 12% lower lignin concentrations than twigs grown under ambient [CO₂]. The strong decrease in N concentration resulted in a significant increase in the C/N and lignin/N ratios of the beech wood grown at elevated [CO₂]. However, the elevated [CO₂] treatment did not reduce the decomposition rates of twigs, neither were the dynamics of N and lignin in the decomposing beech wood affected by the [CO₂] treatment, despite initial changes in N and lignin concentrations between the ambient and elevated [CO₂] beech wood. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Review of elevated atmospheric CO2 effects on agro-ecosystems: residue decomposition processes and soil C storage

A series of studies using major crops (cotton [Gossypium hirsutum L.], wheat [Triticum aestivum L.], grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.] and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]) were reviewed to examine the impact of elevated atmospheric CO₂ on crop residue decomposition within agro-ecosystems. Experiments evaluated utilized plant and soil material collected from CO₂ study sites using Free Air CO₂ Enrichment (FACE) and open top chambers (OTC). A incubation study of FACE residue revealed that CO₂-induced changes in cotton residue composition could alter decomposition processes, with a decrease in N mineralization observed with FACE, which was dependent on plant organ and soil series. Incubation studies utilizing plant material grown in OTC considered CO₂-induced changes in relation to quantity and quality of crop residue for two species, soybean and grain sorghum. As with cotton, N mineralization was reduced with elevated CO₂ in both species, however, difference in both quantity and quality of residue impacted patterns of C mineralization. Over the short-term (14 d), little difference was observed for CO₂ treatments in soybean, but C mineralization was reduced with elevated CO₂ in grain sorghum. For longer incubation periods (60 d), a significant reduction in CO₂-C mineralized per g of residue added was observed with the elevated atmospheric CO₂ treatment in both crop species. Results from incubation studies agreed with those from the OTC field observations for both measurements of short-term CO₂ efflux following spring tillage and the cumulative effect of elevated CO₂ (> 2 years) in this study. Observations from field and laboratory studies indicate that with elevated atmospheric CO₂, the rate of plant residue decomposition may be limited by N and the release of N from decomposing plant material may be slowed. This indicates that understanding N cycling as affected by elevated CO₂ is fundamental to understanding the potential for soil C storage on a global scale. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.