长江三峡淹没区与移民安置区植物多样性及其保护策略

随着三峡大坝的修建,三峡地区淹没区和移民安置区的植物多样性调查与保护工作相继展开。从多年考察采集到的标本及历史资料补充确定,两区高等植物为170科,762属,1784种。分别占到三峡地区高等植物科、属、种数的85.85%,75.30%和59.19%。其中特有植物27种。而三峡地区的灌木和草丛群落基本分布在沿江两岸的低海拔地区,受水库蓄水影响较大。对两区内21个马尾松(Pinus massoniana)群落物种多样性进行的Shannon-Wiener指数及Pielou均匀度指数的测定结果表明,马尾松群落的多样性变化总体趋势为:灌木层>草本层>乔木层;对该地区具有代表性的11种灌丛类型进行的物种多样性指数的测定结果表明:盐肤木(Rhus chinensis)、毛黄栌(Cotinus coggygriavar.pubescens)、荆条(Vitex negundo)、马桑(Coriaria sinic)等4种群落的灌木层丰富度较高,分别为16,26,20和15。多样性指数分别为1.791,3.427,2.949和1.718;对沿江分布的9种主要草丛群落进行的物种多样性指数的测定结果表明:芒萁(Dicranopteris dichotoma)、五节芒(Miscanthus floridutus)、白茅(Imperatacylindricavar.major)、荩草(Arthraxon hispidus)等4种海拔分布较高的群落物种多样性指数较高,分别达到1.697,1.354,1.144和1.018。另外,对淹没区及移民安置区的物种调查结果显示:受淹的自然植被类型共有22种。其中木本群落4种,灌丛9种,草丛9种。小鞍叶羊蹄甲(Bauhinia brachycarpavar.microphylla)、中华蚊母树(Distylium chinensis)、水杨梅(Geum aleppicum)、小叶黄杨(Buxus sinica var.parvifolia)、铁仔(Myrsine africana)、疏花水柏枝(Myricaria laxiflora)等灌丛被全部淹没;巫溪叶底珠(Securinega wuxiensis)、宜昌黄杨(Buxus ichangensis)和荷叶铁线蕨(Adiantum reniformevar.sinense)大部分被淹没。目前,已建立了库区植物物种保护站及监测站,200多种植物已得到迁地保护,包括已列入中国植物红皮书的37种珍濒物种和11种三峡库区建群种。     

暗针叶林下华西箭竹（Fargesia nitida）对岷江冷杉（Abies faxoniana）幼龄植株种群动态的影响

通过不同华西箭竹（Fargesia nitida）环境中岷江冷杉（Abies faxoniana）幼龄植株种群生命表及存活曲线、死亡曲线、消失率曲线和生存函数曲线,分析种群动态趋势,并根据野外取样分析华西箭竹对岷江冷杉幼龄植株生物量分配的影响。结果表明：在暗针叶林下,岷江冷杉幼龄植株总的种群结构呈明显的金字塔型,存活曲线DeeveyⅢ型,幼苗个体丰富,死亡率高,进入小树阶段后有较高的生命期望。小密度华西箭竹增大了岷江冷杉幼苗、幼树的死亡率,该环境下的岷江冷杉幼龄植株种群存活曲线为DeeveyⅡ型,而无竹环境为DeeveyⅢ型。大密度华西箭竹环境中岷江冷杉小幼苗叶重比显著增大,异速生长显著增高。过于密集的华西箭竹严重抑制了岷江冷杉幼苗的定居,而小密度华西箭竹的存在对岷江冷杉的更新并非完全不利。     

褐飞虱持续暴发成因——以江西泰和县为例

为了明确泰和县近年来晚稻田褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stl)连年暴发的规律。通过分析泰和县2008—2013年褐飞虱的田间调查及灯诱数据,并结合气象条件,研究了泰和县晚稻田褐飞虱暴发的主要影响因素。结果表明:(1)危害早稻田的褐飞虱以2、3代为主,其田间种群数量的多少主要受春季迁入虫量的限制,本地早稻收割后的滞留虫源对晚稻种群数量的影响很小。(2)危害晚稻田的褐飞虱以5、6代为主,后期迁入虫量、秋季温度以及晚稻田初期外来迁入虫量是影响晚稻田后期暴发的关键因子。(3)不同年份间晚稻田褐飞虱暴发类型不同。2008和2009年属后期迁入虫量与"暖秋"共同影响类型;2010年是"暖秋"影响类型;2011和2012年是后期迁入虫量影响类型;2013年是晚稻田早期迁入虫量积累影响类型。后期迁入虫量、秋季温度以及晚稻田早期迁入虫量是导致泰和县晚稻田褐飞虱连年暴发的主要原因。这些结果为褐飞虱暴发规律的阐明及可持续治理提供了理论依据和参考价值。     

滇东南地区白背飞虱早期迁入种群的虫源地与降落机制

【目的】滇东南地区位置特殊,地形复杂,是白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horváth)迁入云南的重要通道之一,早期迁入种群虫源及其降落机制的阐述将为白背飞虱的异地预测提供理论依据。【方法】(1)用HYSPLIT对滇东南地区富宁、麻栗坡、丘北和广南4个站点2008—2012年4—5月白背飞虱迁入高峰日做轨迹分析以阐明其虫源区分布。(2)用Gr ADS分析NCEP的再分析格点数据以形成各迁入峰期的风温场,阐释迁入峰得以形成的气象背景和降落机制。【结果】(1)滇东南白背飞虱早期迁入种群虫源地主要分布在越南和老挝北部,部分来自于缅甸中北部及掸邦高原、泰国北部、滇西和滇西南。其中,4月份以缅甸和金三角为主,5月份则主要来自越南和老挝北部。(2)影响白背飞虱降落的因子中,风切变、低温屏障、降雨和下沉气流分别占75.9%、56.5%、31.8%和25.2%。【结论】滇东南白背飞虱早期迁入虫源主要来自中南半岛,风切变、低温屏障、降雨和下沉气流四者共同作用形成了白背飞虱在滇东南的频繁迁入。     

Biofilm formation and interactions of bacterial strains found in wastewater treatment systems

Biofilm formation and adherence properties of 13 bacterial strains commonly found in wastewater treatment systems were studied in pure and mixed cultures using a crystal violet microtiter plate assay. Four different culture media were used, wastewater, acetate medium, glucose medium and diluted nutrient broth. The medium composition strongly affected biofilm formation. All strains were able to form pure culture biofilms within 24 h in at least one of the tested culture media and three strains were able to form biofilm in all four culture media, namely Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ATCC 23055, Comamonas denitrificans 123 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa MBL 0199. The adherence properties assessed were initial adherence, cell surface hydrophobicity, and production of amyloid fibers and extracellular polymeric substances. The growth of dual-strain biofilms showed that five organisms formed biofilm with all 13 strains while seven formed no or only weak biofilm when cocultured. In dual-strain cultures, strains with different properties were able to complement each other, giving synergistic effects. Strongest biofilm formation was observed when a mixture of all 13 bacteria were grown together. These results on attachment and biofilm formation can serve as a tool for the design of tailored systems for the degradation of municipal and industrial wastewater.     

两种海洋赤潮微藻赤潮异弯藻和米氏凯伦藻之间的相互作用

在实验生态条件下研究了不同起始生物量比的两种海洋赤潮微藻赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)和米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)的种群增长特征。结果发现: 1)在单培养体系中, H. akashiwo和K. mikimotoi的种群增长均可用逻辑斯谛增长模型(Logistic equation)拟合, 但不同的起始密度比对两种微藻的生长可产生显著影响: 随着起始密度的增加, 种群的瞬时增长率(r)随之增加, 但环境负载能力(K)逐渐降低, 进入指数增长期和静止期的时间也相应缩短。2)在共培养体系中, 两种微藻的K值都受到明显的抑制, 与对照组(单培养体系)相比差异显著(p＜0.05); 不同起始生物量比对共培养体系中两种微藻的生长和竞争影响显著: 当H. akashiwo和K. mikimotoi的起始生物量比(H:K)为1:4和1:16时, K. mikimotoi在竞争中占据优势地位; 当H:K=1:1时, H. akashiwo在竞争中占绝对优势。他感作用是导致本实验结果的可能原因。     

Teleconnection between the early immigration of brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens St?l) and ENSO indices: implication for its medium- and long-term forecast

Teleconnection between the early immigration of brown planthopper (BPH) and El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) indices from January of two years previously to the current June was investigated to make long-term forecast. The teleconnection results were as follows: ENSO indices which were significantly correlated with the early immigration of BPH were primarily sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) in N3, N4 and N3.4 regions, accounting for 71.8% of the total. Significant ENSO indices from two years and one year before the immigration events had a proportion of about 84%, while those in the current year only accounted for 16.7%. There was significantly negative correlation between the early immigration of BPH and SSTA in each Nino region from two years before to the previous spring, whereas there was significantly positive correlation between these two factors during the period from the previous winter to the current spring. The significant correlation between the early immigration of BPH and SSTA in each Nino region in the last summer and autumn did not show any obvious tendencies. The relationship between the southern oscillation index (SOI) and the early immigration of BPH was opposite to that between the immigration and SSTA in each Nino region. The above mentioned significant ENSO indices were used as key factors to build forecasting models for the early immigration of BPH by step-wise multiple linear regression analysis. Finally, 12 integrated forecasting models were obtained, which could make predictions 3–27 months ahead and had a predictive accuracy of 88.9%.     

重金属递进胁迫对黑麦草初期生长的影响

通过研究Cu²⁺、Zn²⁺、Cd²⁺与Pb²⁺胁迫对黑麦草初期生长的影响,结果表明：4种重金属对种子发芽率抑制效应相对较小,尤其Cu²⁺与Zn²⁺的抑制作用最小。高浓度Cu²⁺、Cd²⁺胁迫对株高、根系长度、地上生物量的抑制作用相对较大,尤其Cu²⁺对根系生长的抑制效应最大,在300 mg·L^-1下,与对照相比,根长最高下降了 85.48%。高浓度Cd²⁺胁迫显著降低了叶绿素含量,在300 mg·L^-1时比对照降低了45.51%;与对照相比,Cu²⁺与Zn²⁺所有处理都增加了叶绿素含量。从递进胁迫进程看,一些重金属对某一生长指标的影响往往表现在低浓度具有促进作用,而高浓度又存在明显的抑制效应。     

Cu2+与Zn2+递进胁迫下高羊茅的初期生长效应及生态阈限研究

通过重金属 Cu2 +、Zn2 +递进胁迫高羊茅初期生长效应及生态阈限的研究 ,结果表明 :在 Cu2 +与 Zn2 +递进胁迫作用下 ,高羊茅生长在各处理浓度均不同程度上受到抑制作用 ,其抑制效应随重金属浓度的增加而增强 ,各项测定指标与胁迫浓度呈极显著负线性关系 ,并各相关系数均达到极显著水平 ( r>-0 .90 0 0 * * ) ;生长综合效应分析比较 ,Cu2 +比 Zn2 +的负向效应为明显。根与茎叶对 Cu2 +与 Zn2 +的富集状况分析采用 ICP-AES法 ,分析结果表明 ,随着重金属 Cu2 +与 Zn2 +胁迫浓度的增加 ,高羊茅根系和茎叶的重金属含量均随之增加 ,根系对 Cu2 +与 Zn2 +的富集系数均明显大于茎叶。从绿度分析看 ,本实验条件下的 Cu2 +与 Zn2 +胁迫 ,均未出现草坪草绿度的明显变化。     

基于扩展起始节点和加权融合策略预测肺癌风险致病基因

肺癌风险致病基因预测有助于了解疾病发病机制、提高临床治疗效果.目前,以重启游走为框架的风险致病基因预测算法,普遍存在起始节点少、节点转移概率相同、信息源单一的问题.为此,本文提出一种基于扩展起始节点和加权融合策略的风险致病基因预测算法(命名为AFMFSC),并在肺癌中验证算法有效性.首先,基于增广模糊测量思想,计算疾病表型近似基因间的增广功能相似得分,从中选出重要基因与致病基因作为扩展起始节点;其次,采用节点拓扑相似度转移矩阵及基因表达差异相关性转移矩阵,分别在蛋白质网络中重启随机游走,并将两种结果加权融合排序;最后,通过富集分析排名靠前基因,得到有显著意义的风险致病基因.AFMFSC算法预测的73个肺癌风险致病基因,均与肺癌发生、发展有密切联系,生物学意义显著.与其他排序算法相比,AFMFSC算法的Top 1%、Top 5%和AUC值比较大,平均排名和受拓扑特性偏差影响程度小;融合策略排名性能优于单一转移矩阵或普通邻接矩阵游走排名.AFMFSC算法不仅能准确有效地预测肺癌风险致病基因,而且可推广预测其他疾病风险致病基因,为探索癌症致病机理提供新视角及依据.