55岁以下急性冠状动脉综合征的影响因素分析

目的:探究55岁以下急性冠状动脉综合征(Acute coronary syndrome,ACS)患者的影响因素。方法:选择2010年3月至2013年3月于我院就诊的180例55岁以下ACS患者为研究对象,按照其性别将其区分为男性组(101例)和女性组(79例)。收集和比较两组患者一般临床资料,血清血红蛋白(Hemoglobin,HGB)、甘油三酯(Triglyceride,TG)、胆固醇(Cholesterol,TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(Low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(High density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)、血尿酸水平。对两组患者进行5年随访,对比两组患者心血管不良事件(Major adverse cardiovas-cular events,MACE)的发生率、死亡率及再发病率。结果:(1)女性组平均发病年龄高于男性组,女性组伴发高血压、糖尿病、脑卒中比率高于男性组,男性组吸烟史比率高于女性组(P<0.05),两组BMI、心血管病家族史对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);(2)女性组TC、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C水平均高于男性组(P<0.05),女性组血尿酸水平低于男性组(P<0.05);(3)对比5年预后,男性组MACE发生率为9.90%(10/101),女性组MACE发生率为11.39%(9/79),男性组死亡率为1.98%(2/101),女性组为1.27%(1/79),再发病率男性组为5.94%(6/101),女性组为6.33%(5/79),两组上述指标对比差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:女性ACS患者发病年龄高于男性患者,糖尿病、高血压等病对女性患者影响更为明显,而吸烟则对男性影响更大,女性ACS患者血脂、血尿酸等指标异常程度甚于男性患者,但女性与男性患者远期预后相当。     

Estimating the potential for coral adaptation to global warming across the Indo‐West Pacific

The potential of reef‐building corals to adapt to increasing sea‐surface temperatures is often debated but has rarely been comprehensively modeled on a region‐wide scale. We used individual‐based simulations to model adaptation to warming in a coral metapopulation comprising 680 reefs and representing the whole of the Central Indo‐West Pacific. Encouragingly, some reefs—most notably Vietnam, Japan, Taiwan, New Caledonia and the southern half of the Great Barrier Reef—exhibited high capacity for adaptation and, in our model, maintained coral cover even under a rapid “business‐as‐usual” warming scenario throughout the modeled period (200 years). Higher resilience of these reefs was observed under all tested parameter settings except the models prohibiting selection and/or migration during warming. At the same time, the majority of reefs in the region tended to collapse within the first 100 years of warming. The adaptive potential (odds of maintaining high coral cover) of a given reef could be predicted based on two metrics: the reef's present‐day temperature, and the proportion of recruits immigrating from warmer locations. The latter metric explains the most variation in adaptive potential, and significantly correlates with actual coral cover changes observed throughout the region between the 1970s and the early 2000s. These findings will help prioritize coral conservation efforts and plan assisted gene flow interventions to boost the adaptive potential of specific coral populations.     

Primates got personality,too: Toward an integrative primatology of consistent individual differences in behavior

In recent years, research on animal personality has exploded within the field of behavioral ecology. Consistent individual differences in behavior exist in a wide range of species, and these differences can have fitness consequences and influence several aspects of a species' ecology. In comparison to studies of other animals, however, there has been relatively little research on the behavioral ecology of primate personality. This is surprising given the large body of research within psychology and biomedicine showing that primate personality traits are heritable and linked to health and life history outcomes. In this article, I bring together theoretical perspectives on the ecology and evolution of animal personality with an integrative review of what we know about primate personality from studies conducted on captive, free‐ranging, and wild primates. Incorporating frameworks that emphasize consistency in behavior into primate behavioral ecology research holds promise for improving our understanding of primate behavioral evolution.     

Resource diversity promotes among‐individual diet variation,but not genomic diversity,in lake stickleback

Many generalist species consist of specialised individuals that use different resources. This within‐population niche variation can stabilise population and community dynamics. Consequently, ecologists wish to identify environmental settings that promote such variation. Theory predicts that environments with greater resource diversity favour ecological diversity among consumers (via disruptive selection or plasticity). Alternatively, niche variation might be a side‐effect of neutral genomic diversity in larger populations. We tested these alternatives in a metapopulation of threespine stickleback. Stickleback consume benthic and limnetic invertebrates, focusing on the former in small lakes, the latter in large lakes. Intermediate‐sized lakes support generalist stickleback populations using an even mixture of the two prey types, and exhibit greater among‐individual variation in diet and morphology. In contrast, genomic diversity increases with lake size. Thus, phenotypic diversity and neutral genetic polymorphism are decoupled: trophic diversity being greatest in intermediate‐sized lakes with high resource diversity, whereas neutral genetic diversity is greatest in the largest lakes.     

Scale‐dependent effects of neighborhood biodiversity on individual tree productivity in a coniferous and broad‐leaved mixed forest in China

The relationship between biodiversity and productivity has stimulated an increasing body of research over the past decades, and this topic still occupies a central place in ecology. While most studies have focused on biomass production in quadrats or plots, few have investigated the scale‐dependent relationship from an individual plant perspective. We present an analysis of the effects of biodiversity (species diversity and functional diversity) on individual tree growth with a data set of 16,060 growth records from a 30‐ha temperate forest plot using spatially explicit individual tree‐based methods. A significant relationship between species diversity and tree growth was found at the individual tree level in our study. The magnitude and direction of biodiversity effects varies with the spatial scale. We found positive effects of species diversity on tree growth at scales exceeding 9 m. Individual tree growth rates increased when there was a greater diversity of species in the neighborhood of the focal tree, which provides evidence of a niche complementarity effect. At small scales (3–5 m), species diversity had negative effects on tree growth, suggesting that competition is more prevalent than complementarity or facilitation in these close neighborhoods. The results also revealed many confounding factors which influence tree growth, such as elevation and available sun light. We conclude that the use of individual tree‐based methods may lead to a better understanding of the biodiversity‐productivity relationship in forest communities.     

Changes in muscle activation,oxygenation, and morphology following a fatiguing repetitive forward reaching task in young adult males and females

We sought to evaluate sex-specific 1) muscle activation patterns, hemodynamics, and swelling responses to short-cycle repetitive fatigue; 2) relationships between muscular responses and perceived fatigability. Asymptomatic participants (N = 26, 13 females) completed a repetitive pointing task until 8/10 on the Borg CR10 scale. Upper trapezius (UT), supraspinatus (SUPRA), and biceps brachii (BIC) muscle activation, activation variability (CV), median power frequency (MdPF) and thickness, and UT oxygenation were recorded. Males had higher BIC CV, UT and SUPRA MdPF, and UT and BIC thickness. Longer time to fatigue-terminal was correlated to greater SUPRA activation increase (ρ = 0.624) and BIC MdPF decrease (ρ = -0.674) in males, while in females it was correlated to greater (ρ = -0.657) and lower (ρ = 0.683) decrease of SUPRA and BIC CV, respectively. Male’s greater increase in SUPRA thickness correlated to greater increase in UT thickness and tissue oxygenation index, and to lower increase of UT deoxyhemoglobin. Females’ greater decrease of SUPRA MdPF correlated to greater decrease of UT MdPF, while greater UT activation increase was related to lower UT thickness increase. Results suggest that despite comparable time to fatigue-terminal, males have greater force-generating capacity and neuromuscular reliance on recruitment and excitation rates, while females have greater reliance on activation variability. Further, there are relationships between hemodynamic and swelling patterns in males, while there are relationships between activation and swelling patterns in females. Although there were no differences in experimental task-induced changes, there are sex-specific relationships between muscular patterns and perceived fatigability, which may help explain sex-specific mechanisms of musculoskeletal disorders.     

Differential responses to fertilization and competition among invasive,noninvasive alien,and native Bidens species

Comparative studies of invasive, noninvasive alien, and native congenic plant species can identify plant traits that drive invasiveness. In particular, functional traits associated with rapid growth rate and high fecundity likely facilitate invasive success. As such traits often exhibit high phenotypic plasticity, characterizing plastic responses to anthropogenic environmental changes such as eutrophication and disturbance is important for predicting the invasive success of alien plant species in the future. Here, we compared trait expression and phenotypic plasticity at the species level among invasive, noninvasive alien, and native Bidens species. Plants were grown under nutrient addition and competition treatments, and their functional, morphological, and seed traits were examined. Invasive B. frondosa exhibited higher phenotypic plasticity in most measured traits than did the alien noninvasive B. pilosa or native B. bipinnata. However, differential plastic responses to environmental treatments rarely altered the rank of trait values among the three Bidens species, except for the number of inflorescences. The achene size of B. frondosa was larger, but its pappus length was shorter than that of B. pilosa. Two species demonstrated opposite plastic responses of pappus length to fertilization. These results suggest that the plasticity of functional traits does not significantly contribute to the invasive success of B. frondosa. The dispersal efficiency of B. frondosa is expected to be lower than that of B. pilosa, suggesting that long‐distance dispersal is likely not a critical factor in determining invasive success.