In vitro tuberization in white yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir)

Nodal cuttings of white yam were induced to produce microtubers on a MS-revised medium supplemented with various concentrations of sucrose, 20 mgl^–1 L-cysteine, 0.5 mgl^–1 kinetin and 0.7% agar. The frequency of tuberization was affected by the daylength, which is optimal at 12 and 16 h of light depending on the sucrose concentration. The microtubers were planted in a seed bed and grown to maturity. The importance of in vitro tuberization of yam as a means of international germplasm distribution or exchange as well as for the propagation of planting material is discussed.     

Synthesis of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase by isolatedSorghum mesophyll chloroplasts

Chloroplasts isolated fromSorghum vulgare are active in light-dependent, organelle protein synthesis. Intact chloroplasts can use light as an energy source; photosynthetically inactive chloroplasts require the addition of ATP for this protein synthesis. Preincubation of chloroplasts in light at 25°C for 1 h depleted the endogenous templates completely; such preincubated chloroplasts translated exogenously added heterologous templates efficiently. When total cellular RNA fromChlorella protothecoides, a C₃ plant, was used as template for translation in a cell-free light-dependent system of isolated mesophyll chloroplasts fromSorghum vulgare, a C₄ type plant, polypeptides of 55 kDa (large subunit) and 15 kDa (small subunit) were detectable in the fluorographic profile of the newly synthesized proteins; these polypeptides were absent in the products obtained with endogenous RNA. Evidence for the fidelity of the system was obtained by immunological analysis of ribulose 1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase obtained by the translation ofChlorella cellular RNAs.     

Ionic Requirements for the Specific Binding of [3H]GBR 12783 to a Site Associated with the Dopamine Uptake Carrier

At 0°C, when Na⁺ was the only cation present in the incubation medium, increasing the Na⁺ concentration from 3 to 10 mM enhanced the affinity of [³H]l-[2-(di-phenylmethoxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenyl-2-propenyl)piperazine ([³H]GBR 12783) for the specific binding site present in rat striatal membranes without affecting the 5_max. For higher Na⁺ concentrations, specific binding values plateaued and then slightly decreased at 130 mM Na⁺. In a 10 mM Na⁺ medium, the K_D and the B_max were, respectively, 0.23 nM and 12.9 pmol/mg of protein. In the presence of 0.4 nM [³H]GBR 12783, the half-maximal specific binding occurred at 5 mM Na⁺. A similar Na⁺ dependence was observed at 20°C. Scatchard plots indicated that K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Tris⁺ acted like competitive inhibitors of the specific binding of [³H]GBR 12783. The inhibitory potency of various cations (K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Tris⁺, Li⁺ and choline) was enhanced when the Na⁺ concentration was decreased from 130 to 10 mM. In a 10 mM Na⁺ medium, the rank order of inhibitory potency was Ca²⁺ (0.13 mM) > Mg²⁺ > Tris⁺ > K⁺ (15 mM). The requirement for Na⁺ was rather specific, because none of the other cations acted as a substitute for Na⁺. No anionic requirement was found: Cl^-, Br^-, and F^- were equipotent. These results suggest that low Na⁺ concentrations are required for maximal binding; higher Na⁺ concentrations protect the specific binding site against the inhibitory effect of other cations.     

Monoamine Oxidase-Inhibiting Properties of SR 95191, a New Pyridazine Derivative, in the Rat: Evidence for Selective and Reversible Inhibition of Monoamine Oxidase Type A In Vivo but Not In Vitro

In rodents, SR 95191 [3-(2-morpholinoethylamino)-4-cyano-6-phenylpyridazine] has been shown to be active in animal models of depression. The profile of activity of SR 95191 suggests that the compound is a selective and short-acting type A monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor (MAOI) in vivo. In the present study, the interaction of SR 95191 with MAO-A and MAO-B activity was further examined in vivo and in vitro. In brain, liver, and duodenum of pretreated rats, SR 95191 selectively inhibited MAO-A (ED50 = 3-5 mg/kg, p.o.), whereas MAO-B was only weakly inhibited for doses as high as 300 mg/kg, p.o. In vivo, SR 95191 (1-100 mg/kg, p.o.) antagonized, in a dose-dependent fashion, the irreversible inhibition of brain and liver MAO-A induced by phenelzine. Finally, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine depleted from their striatal stores by tetrabenazine were able to displace SR 95191 from the active site of MAO-A. However, ex vivo, kinetic studies showed that the inhibitory effect of SR 95191 (1-10 mg/kg) towards MAO-A was noncompetitive and was unchanged after dilution or dialysis. In vitro, the inhibition of brain MAO-A, but not MAO-B, by SR 95191 was time dependent, with a 19-fold decrease in the IC50 values being observed over a 30-min incubation period (140 to 7.5 microM). At this time, the SR 95191-induced inhibition of MAO-A was not removed by repeated washings. When the reaction was started by adding the homogenate without prior preincubation with SR 95191, the inhibition of brain MAO-A was fully competitive (Ki = 68 microM).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Neuropathy Target Esterase: Rates of Turnover In Vivo Following Covalent Inhibition with Phenyl Di-n-Pentylphosphinate

Phenyl di-n-pentylphosphinate is a reasonably stable easily synthesized inhibitor of neuropathy target esterase (NTE) with low anticholinesterase activity. Like phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride it protects hens against neuropathic effects of compounds such as diisopropylphosphorofluoridate. At intervals up to 15 days after dosing hens (10 mg/kg s.c. to inhibit 90% NTE) assays were made of catalytically active and of phosphinylated NTE in autopsy tissue. The sum of these components was always within the range of catalytic activity in undosed controls. However, the half-life of reappearance of active NTE was 2.07 days +/- 0.13 (SD, n = 6) for brain and 3.62 days +/- 0.23 (SD, n = 6) for spinal cord--shorter than after dosing with phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride. It is proposed that: (1) The physiological turnover mechanism cannot distinguish between catalytically active and di-n-pentylphosphinylated NTE although initiation of organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy might involve recognition of aged di-alkyl-phosphorylated NTE as "foreign". (2) The short half-lives indicate a slow spontaneous dephosphinylation of inhibited NTE occurs in vivo as well as de novo synthesis. The difference in half-lives for brain and spinal cord NTE may be due to different rates of synthesis de novo or (more likely) to different rates of spontaneous reactivation of the inhibited NTE in the two tissues.     

A molecular and cytogenetic survey of major repeated DNA sequences in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)

Summary The major families of repeated DNA sequences in the genome of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) were isolated from a sheared DNA library. One thousand clones, representing one million base pairs, or 0.15% of the genome, were surveyed for repeated DNA sequences by hybridization to total nuclear DNA. Four major repeat classes were identified and characterized with respect to copy number, chromosomal localization by in situ hybridization, and evolution in the family Solanaceae. The most highly repeated sequence, with approximately 77000 copies, consists of a 162 bp tandemly repeated satellite DNA. This repeat is clustered at or near the telomeres of most chromosomes and also at the centromeres and interstitial sites of a few chromosomes. Another family of tandemly repeated sequences consists of the genes coding for the 45 S ribosomal RNA. The 9.1 kb repeating unit in L. esculentum was estimated to be present in approximately 2300 copies. The single locus, previously mapped using restriction fragment length polymorphisms, was shown by in situ hybridization as a very intense signal at the end of chromosome 2. The third family of repeated sequences was interspersed throughout nearly all chromosomes with an average of 133 kb between elements. The total copy number in the genome is approximately 4200. The fourth class consists of another interspersed repeat showing clustering at or near the centromeres in several chromosomes. This repeat had a copy number of approximately 2100. Sequences homologous to the 45 S ribosomal DNA showed cross-hybridization to DNA from all solanaceous species examined including potato, Datura, Petunia, tobacco and pepper. In contrast, with the exception of one class of interspersed repeats which is present in potato, all other repetitive sequences appear to be limited to the crossing-range of tomato. These results, along with those from a companion paper (Zamir and Tanksley 1988), indicate that tomato possesses few highly repetitive DNA sequences and those that do exist are evolving at a rate higher than most other genomic sequences.     

Aestival dormancy in the cabbage moth Mamestra brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Summary In a geographically wide distribution the life cycles of different populations of the cabbage moth Mamestra brossicae are adapted to a remarkable diversity of climatic conditions. This is undoubtedly a proof of its success in adaptation. Some populations living in regions characterized by a drought period interrupting the growth season are capable of distinguishing between one critical day length signalling the onset of the drought period and another signalling the end of the growth season. This study, therefore, is primarily concerned with the geographical patterns in the variability of the adaptional responses of populations exposed to environmental conditions requiring different strategies and tactics in, synchronizing individual, life cycles. It is also a contribution to our understanding of evolutionary mechanisms maintaining median responses to photoperiodically inductive day lengths in geographically different populations. The populations investigated originated from regions differing in predictability of the incidence, onset and duration of a drought period: Freiburg (48.0°N, Southern Germany), Avignon (44.0°N, Southern France), and Argelès (42.5°N, Southern France). Geographical variation with respect to both onset and duration of a drought period consequently results in clinal variation of the variability of innate day length thresholds triggering aestival dormancy and of innate duration of aestivation. In this paper we considered the influence of geographically changing temperatures on aestival dormancy induction. Even in southern populations of M. brassicae a temperature dependent switch off-mechanism exists which prevents aestival dormancy under certain environmental conditions. The effective temperatures vary geographically, too. What the geographical patterns in adaptive responses really are, is discussed.This research was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Sa 259/3-1)     

Influence of pH,exchangeable aluminium and 0.02M CaCl2-extractable aluminium on the growth and nitrogen-fixing activity of white clover (Trifolium repens) in some New Zealand soils

The effects of soil acidity on the growth and N₂-fixing activity of white clover in seven acid topsoils and subsoils of New Zealand were investigated using a glasshouse experiment.The application of phosphate (Ca(H₂PO₄)₂) to the soils resulted in very large increases in white clover growth on all soils. The application of phosphate, as well as increasing P supply, also decreased 0.02M CaCl₂-extractable Al levels, but had little effect on exchangeable Al levels.Where adequate phosphate was applied, increasing rates of lime (CaCO₃) resulted in increased plant growth on most soils. N₂[C₂H₂]-fixing activity was increased by the first level of lime for one soil, but generally remained approximately constant or declined slightly at higher rates of lime. Up to the point of maximum yield, white clover top weight was more highly correlated with 0.02M CaCl₂-extractable soil Al than with exchangeable Al or pH. At pH values greater than 5.5, plant yield declined on some soils, apparently because of Zn deficiency. The data suggest that white clover is unlikely to be affected by Al toxicity at 0.02M CaCl₂-extractable Al levels of less than about 3.3 g g^–1. However, there were differences between soils in apparent plant tolerance to 0.02M CaCl₂-extractable Al, which appeared to be caused by differing C levels in the 0.02M CaCl₂ extracts.     

Acquisition of embryogenic potential in carrot cell-suspension cultures

Embryogenic suspension cultures of domesticated carrot (Daucus carota L.) are characterized by the presence of proembryogenic masses (PEMs) from which somatic embryos develop under conditions of low cell density in the absence of phytohormones. A culture system, referred to as starting cultures, was developed that allowed analysis of the emergence of PEMs in newly initiated hypocotyl-derived suspension cultures. Embryogenic potential, reflected by the number of FEMs present, slowly increased in starting cultures over a period of six weeks. Addition of excreted, high-molecular-weight, heat-labile cell factors from an established embryogenic culture considerably accelerated the acquisition of embryogenic potential in starting cultures. Analysis of [³⁵S]methionine-labeled proteins excreted into the medium revealed distinct changes concomitant with the acquisition of embryogenic potential in these cultures. Analysis of the pattern of gene expression by in-vitro translation of total cellular mRNA from starting cultures with different embryogenic potential and subsequent separation of the [³⁵S]methionine-labeled products by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated a small number of abundant in-vitro-translation products to be present in somatic embryos and in embryogenic cells but absent in nonembryogenic cells. Several other in-vitro-translation products were present in explants, non-embryogenic and embryogenic cells but were absent in somatic embryos. Hybridization of an embryoregulated complementary-DNA sequence, Dc3, to RNA extracted from starting cultures showed that the corresponding gene is expressed in somatic embryos and PEMs but not in non-embryogenic cells.Abbreviations 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - cDNA complementary DNA - PAGE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis - PEM proembryogenic mass