噬菌斑电子图像的计算机处理及其自动计数

噬菌斑平板计数是微生物学理论研究与实际应用中常用的方法之一。但由于平板上噬菌斑与背景反差小,而且往往出现几个噬菌斑相连,计算机识别时出现较大的误差,因此噬菌斑计数目前仍为人工方法。本文以λ噬菌体为材料,感染E.coli宿主细胞,获得噬菌斑。然后将噬菌斑制成电子图像。抽取图像中有代表性的区域,利用分水岭算法对图像进行分割处理,将相连的噬菌斑分割成单独的噬菌斑,然后利用基于区域生长法进行计数,结果与人工计数完全相同,表明我们建立的新方法可以用于噬菌斑计算机自动计数。     

POPULATIONS OF MONARCH BUTTERFLIES WITH DIFFERENT MIGRATORY BEHAVIORS SHOW DIVERGENCE IN WING MORPHOLOGY

The demands of long‐distance flight represent an important evolutionary force operating on the traits of migratory species. Monarchs are widespread butterflies known for their annual migrations in North America. We examined divergence in wing morphology among migratory monarchs from eastern and western N. America, and nonmigratory monarchs in S. Florida, Puerto Rico, Costa Rica, and Hawaii. For the three N. American populations, we also examined monarchs reared in four common environment experiments. We used image analysis to measure multiple traits including forewing area and aspect ratio; for laboratory‐reared monarchs we also quantified body area and wing loading. Results showed wild monarchs from all nonmigratory populations were smaller than those from migratory populations. Wild and captive‐reared eastern monarchs had the largest and most elongated forewings, whereas monarchs from Puerto Rico and Costa Rica had the smallest and roundest forewings. Eastern monarchs also had the largest bodies and high measures of wing loading, whereas western and S. Florida monarchs had less elongated forewings and smaller bodies. Among captive‐reared butterflies, family‐level effects provided evidence that genetic factors contributed to variation in wing traits. Collectively, these results support evolutionary responses to long‐distance flight in monarchs, with implications for the conservation of phenotypically distinct wild populations.     

FASMA： A Service to Format and Analyze Sequences in Multiple Alignments

Multiple sequence alignments are successfully applied in many studies for under- standing the structural and functional relations among single nucleic acids and pro- tein sequences as well as whole families. Because of the rapid growth of sequence databases, multiple sequence alignments can often be very large and difficult to visualize and analyze. We offer a new service aimed to visualize and analyze the multiple alignments obtained with different external algorithms, with new features useful for the comparison of the aligned sequences as well as for the creation of a final image of the alignment. The service is named FASMA and is available at http: //bioinformatica.isa.cnr.it /FASMA /.     

基于 SPOT5影像的红树林种类图谱特征分析和制图

本文以英罗港为研究区,利用 SPOT5假彩色合成影像,结合现场踏勘,提取了研究区内分布较广且面积较大的4种红树林种类（白骨壤、桐花、秋茄和红海榄）的图谱特征,并建立了相应的遥感解译标志。利用SVM方法开展了研究区内红树林的分类制图,采用样点验证方法评价提取精度,结果显示,对4种红树林的总体分类精度为86．67％,Kappa 系数为0．82。     

遗传病的生物治疗

遗传病尤其是单基因遗传病是儿童致畸致残的主要原因之一,给家庭、社会带来沉重的经济、心理负担。目前绝大多数遗传病临床治疗以对症治疗为主,尚缺乏有效的治疗方法。随着生命与医学科学的发展,近年来以靶向致病分子或其相关信号通路、靶分子的外源物质补充、转基因、RNA干扰、基因组编辑等生物学技术为代表的生物学治疗措施开始应用于遗传病的治疗,并取得了一定的疗效。但目前大多数遗传病的生物学治疗仍局限于动物实验研究,今后在继续研发基于致病机制的新治疗策略的同时,将关注如何开展临床试验,为最终安全、有效应用于临床患者奠定基础。     

Characteristics of canopy evapotranspiration from a small heterogeneous grassland using thermal imaging

We used thermal imaging in conjunction with the eddy covariance technique to characterize canopy evapotranspiration (ET) from a small heterogeneous grassland. We compared ET estimated by a simple soil–vegetation–atmosphere transfer (SVAT) at field scale (a few 100 m²) with that estimated by the eddy covariance method. These two independent estimates of ET showed a good correlation when the flux source area was the same. However, whereas the eddy covariance method yielded integrated results over a large, variable landscape area, the SVAT model primarily yielded values reflecting just the grassland area. We estimated mapped transpiration (Tr) at a point scale (1 m²) and showed that Tr increased linearly with increasing leaf area index (LAI). Although stomatal conductance of C₃ plants was appreciably larger than that of C₄ plants at the leaf scale, this difference was not reflected in Tr at the canopy scale. Tr may be more sensitive to aerodynamic conditions (wind speed and radiation) or environmental heterogeneity (soil–water) than stomatal conductance. The SVAT model clarified variations in the spatial distribution of Tr over a heterogeneous grassland.     

生物组织切片图像的计算机三维重建技术现状及其在植物体细胞胚发生中的应用

本文阐述了植物组织切片的三维计算机重建技术研究现状 ,分析了它在植物体细胞胚发生专题中的应用     

川西米亚罗自然保护区森林地上碳储量遥感估算

研究米亚罗自然保护区的森林地上碳储量,有利于掌握高山峡谷区森林植被碳储量的分布特点,对区域森林资源的有效科学管理和维护森林生态环境具有重要意义。通过对保护区内的7个主要树种分别构建模型来初步估测森林地上碳储量,利用实地调查的样地数据与同期Landsat 8遥感卫星影像,得到波段信息、植被指数、主成分分析、纹理特征、地形因子、植被生长六大类共80个因子,用以构建乔木层不同树种地上碳储量的多元线性逐步回归模型,而灌木层的碳储量则由生物量密度法估算得出。研究结果表明:①模型预测值与实测值相关系数在0.675—0.775之间,精度较高,预测结果可靠;②米亚罗自然保护区森林地上碳储量为5.861 Tg,其中乔木层5.632 Tg,灌木层0.229 Tg。云冷杉林是研究区分布最广的林分类型,其碳储量为5.098 Tg,占森林地上碳储量总量的86.98%,在维持区域碳平衡方面发挥着重要作用。③研究区森林平均碳密度为53.138 t/hm~2,其中冷杉的碳密度最高,达到74.467 t/hm~2。④区域内森林地上碳储量以杂谷脑河流域及支流为中心,以一定缓冲距离呈树枝状发散分布,海拔3000—4000 m区域的森林植被碳储量最大,且阴坡的碳储量明显高于阳坡。     

基于遥感影像的城市空间三维绿量(绿化三维量)定量研究

三维绿量又称绿化三维量,是指所有生长植物的茎叶所占据的空间体积。城市三维绿量的测量研究是城市绿化环境效益评价的基本前提,也是城市生态系统研究的重要内容之一。以彩红外航空遥感图像为主要信息源,研究了城市空间三维绿量定量计算的方法。在对植被遥感阴影图像分割的前提下,根据航空摄影时太阳、摄影机以及树木三者之间的几何位置关系,建立了空间三维绿量遥感中关键的植被高度模型。应用统计分析方法,建立了研究区主要树种的树高一冠径相关关系模型。根据冠径一冠高关系以及典型树种的树冠立体几何形态与绿量方程,运用G1S分别计算了浙江省宁波市江北区、江东区、海曙区和全市的总三维绿量和平均相对三维绿量,以及平均相对三维绿量的区域分布。宁波市全市及江北区、海曙区和江东区的平均相对三维绿量分别为3284．4m^3／hm^2、3652．4m^3／hm^2、2908．5m^3／hm^2和3229．7m^3／hm^2,总三维绿量分别为1606．6万m^3、659．5万m^3、448．9万m^3和498．2万m^3。研究结果不仅为城市绿化数据库的建立奠定了基础,而且还丰富了城市绿化评价指标,有助于估算城市绿化的生态环境效益,以及为城市绿化系统的设计,特别是为环境要求不同的功能区的绿化系统的设计、城市绿化群落布局的合理性评价和城市绿化规划提供有价值的技术参数。     

Hydrodynamic behaviors in fermentative hydrogen bioreactors by pressure fluctuation analysis

Three bioreactor configurations were employed in these investigations, which consisted of working volumes of 10, 1.2 and 1.2 L. Power spectrum diagrams of bed pressure fluctuation were used with hydraulic retention times (HRT) and geometric factors to identify the flow regimes in the bioreactors, where HRT varied from 8 to 1 h. It was found that the flow regimes in the bioreactors changed from a dispersed regime to coalesced and slugging regimes, when the biogas production rate (BPR) increased, as a result of decreasing the operating HRT. The flow regime was a dispersed bubble regime when the HRT was higher than 4 h in the bioreactor, whereas when the HRT was 2 h the coalesced bubble phenomena occurred in the bioreactor. A slugging regime was found when the HRT was lower than 1 h in thinner bioreactor.