温度对2个地理种群莲草直胸跳甲成虫产卵量及存活率的影响

【背景】温度对莲草直胸跳甲种群增长具有重要作用,了解引进的莲草直胸跳甲泰国种群的温度适应性,同时与福州本地种群相比较,可以有效地利用其防治空心莲子草。【方法】采用室内继代饲养的方法,设置3个温度,对莲草直胸跳甲福州本地种群和泰国热带种群的成虫产卵量及存活率进行了研究。【结果】在相同温度条件下,泰国热带种群的繁殖力显著高于福州本地种群。随着温度的升高,泰国热带种群和福州本地种群的产卵量均有显著下降,但泰国热带种群的产卵量均稍高于福州本地种群。在3个试验温度下,莲草直胸跳甲泰国热带种群的成虫寿命较福州本地种群的寿命长。【结论与意义】莲草直胸跳甲泰国热带种群对温度的适应性和繁殖力强,更容易构建种群,有利于对空心莲子草的生物防治。     

Marine species in ambient low‐oxygen regions subject to double jeopardy impacts of climate change

We have learned much about the impacts of warming on the productivity and distribution of marine organisms, but less about the impact of warming combined with other environmental stressors, including oxygen depletion. Also, the combined impact of multiple environmental stressors requires evaluation at the scales most relevant to resource managers. We use the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada, characterized by a large permanently hypoxic zone, as a case study. Species distribution models were used to predict the impact of multiple scenarios of warming and oxygen depletion on the local density of three commercially and ecologically important species. Substantial changes are projected within 20–40 years. A eurythermal depleted species already limited to shallow, oxygen‐rich refuge habitat (Atlantic cod) may be relatively uninfluenced by oxygen depletion but increase in density within refuge areas with warming. A more stenothermal, deep‐dwelling species (Greenland halibut) is projected to lose ~55% of its high‐density areas under the combined impacts of warming and oxygen depletion. Another deep‐dwelling, more eurythermal species (Northern shrimp) would lose ~4% of its high‐density areas due to oxygen depletion alone, but these impacts may be buffered by warming, which may increase density by 8% in less hypoxic areas, but decrease density by ~20% in the warmest parts of the region. Due to local climate variability and extreme events, and that our models cannot project changes in species sensitivity to hypoxia with warming, our results should be considered conservative. We present an approach to effectively evaluate the individual and cumulative impacts of multiple environmental stressors on a species‐by‐species basis at the scales most relevant to managers. Our study may provide a basis for work in other low‐oxygen regions and should contribute to a growing literature base in climate science, which will continue to be of support for resource managers as climate change accelerates.     

Hypoxia-induced caspase-3 activation and DNA fragmentation in cortical neurons of newborn piglets: role of nitric oxide

Hypoxia results in generation of nitric oxide (NO) free radicals, activation of caspase-3, and genomic DNA fragmentation. The present study tests the hypothesis that hypoxia-induced caspase-3 activation and DNA fragmentation are nitric oxide mediated. Studies were conducted in newborn piglets, divided into normoxic (n = 5), hypoxic (n = 5), and hypoxic-7-NINA (n = 6). Hypoxic-7-NINA group received the neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, 7-Nitroindazole (7-NINA). Caspase-3 activity was determined spectrofluorometrically using enzyme-specific substrates. Sections from the neocortex were stained with an antiserum recognizing active caspase-3. Purified DNA was separated by gel electrophoresis. Administration of 7-NINA resulted in decreased immunoreactivity of caspase-3 (mean LI: 20.2%) as compared to the untreated hypoxia group (mean LI: 57.5%) (P < 0.05). 7-NINA attenuated caspase-3 enzymatic activity as well in comparison to the untreated hypoxia group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, multiple low molecular weight bands corresponding to DNA fragments were present in the hypoxic but not in the normoxic or hypoxic-7-NINA groups. Inhibition of nNOS abates the hypoxia-induced increase in active caspase-3 immunoreactivity, as well as enzymatic activity in cortical neurons, and DNA fragmentation in brain homogenates. We conclude that the coordinate increase of capase-3 activity and fragmentation of nuclear DNA in the hypoxic newborn piglet brain are NO mediated.     

A rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss strain with higher aerobic scope in normoxia also has superior tolerance of hypoxia

This study compared parr from three strains of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss to examine intraspecific variation in metabolic traits, hypoxia tolerance and upper thermal tolerance in this species. At the strain level, variation in absolute aerobic scope (AAS), critical oxygen level (O_2crit), incipient lethal oxygen saturation (ILOS) and critical thermal maximum (CT_max) generally exhibited consistent differences among the strains, suggesting the possibility of functional associations among these traits. This possibility was further supported at the individual level by a positive correlation between ILOS and O_2crit and a negative correlation between O_2crit and AAS. These results indicate that intraspecific differences in hypoxia tolerance among strains of O. mykiss may be primarily determined by differences in the ability to maintain oxygen uptake in hypoxia and that variation in aerobic scope in normoxia probably plays a role in determining the ability of these fish to sustain metabolism aerobically as water oxygen saturation is reduced.     

Mechanisms Orchestrating Mitochondrial Dynamics for Energy Homeostasis

To maintain homeostasis, every cell must constantly monitor its energy level and appropriately adjust energy, in the form of ATP, production rates based on metabolic demand. Continuous fulfillment of this energy demand depends on the ability of cells to sense, metabolize, and convert nutrients into chemical energy. Mitochondria are the main energy conversion sites for many cell types. Cellular metabolic states dictate the mitochondrial size, shape, function, and positioning. Mitochondrial shape varies from singular discrete organelles to interconnected reticular networks within cells. The morphological adaptations of mitochondria to metabolic cues are facilitated by the dynamic events categorized as transport, fusion, fission, and quality control. By changing their dynamics and strategic positioning within the cytoplasm, mitochondria carry out critical functions and also participate actively in inter-organelle cross-talk, assisting metabolite transfer, degradation, and biogenesis. Mitochondrial dynamics has become an active area of research because of its particular importance in cancer, metabolic diseases, and neurological disorders. In this review, we will highlight the molecular pathways involved in the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics and their roles in maintaining energy homeostasis.     

Chronic hypoxia stress-induced differential modulation of heat-shock protein 70 and presynaptic proteins

Chronic hypoxia exposure can cause neurobehavioral dysfunction, but the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we found that adult Lymnaea stagnalis snails maintained in low O(2) (approximately 5%) for 4 days developed slowed reactions to light stimuli, and reduced righting movement. Semiquantitative immunoblotting analyses showed that hypoxia exposure induced increased expression of heat-shock protein (HSP)70 in ganglion preparations, and suppressed expression of the presynaptic proteins syntaxin I, synaptic vesicle protein 2 (SV2) and synaptotagmin I. Detailed time course analyses showed that an early moderate increase developed within 6 h, preceding a substantial up-regulation of HSP70 after 4 days; an early reduction of syntaxin I in the first 24 h; a delayed reduction of synaptotagmin I after 4 days; and a biphasic change in SV2. Using a double-stranded RNA interference approach, we demonstrated that preventing the hypoxia inducible HSP70 enhanced down-regulation of syntaxin and synaptotagmin, and aggravated motor and sensory suppression. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed an interaction between HSP70 and syntaxin. We have thus provided the first evidence that early induction of HSP70 by chronic hypoxia is critical for maintaining expression levels of presynaptic proteins. These findings implicate a new molecular mechanism underlying chronic hypoxia-induced neurobehavioral adaptation and impairment.     

Plant defense after flooding

Since the first study of hypoxic response in plants with cDNA microarray in 2002, the number of hypoxia-responsive genes has grown to more than 2000. However, to date, only small numbers of hypoxia-responsive genes are known to confer hypoxic resistance. Most investigations in this area have focused on identifying which genes are responsive and then characterized how these genes are induced during hypoxia, but the roles of numerous genes in hypoxic response are still unknown. In our recent study, we demonstrated that a group of genes are induced by submergence to trigger plant immunity, which is a response to protect plants against a higher probability of pathogen infection during or after flooding. This work offered a brand new perspective, i.e., that hypoxia-responsive genes can be induced for reasons other than conferring hypoxic resistance. Possible reasons why these responses were triggered are discussed herein.     

低氧胁迫下黄瓜根系细胞壁结合态多胺氧化酶活性变化及测定方法的确立

提出了细胞壁上PAO检测方法,并对低氧胁迫下黄瓜根系细胞壁结合态PAO的灵敏性、pH值范围、底物依赖性以及取样部位进行了测定。结果表明,检测时取根中部或基部为好,提取液pH值为6．5,启动底物为Spm或Put Spd Spm。低氧处理后PAO活性一开始下降,在第3天时处于上升趋势,第8天达最大值,此后虽下降,但一直高于对照,与游离态PAO活性变化趋势一致,但活性要高10倍以上,表明PAO活性绝大部分定位于细胞壁上。