Identification of quantitative trait loci for shank length and growth at different development stages in chicken

Shank length affects chicken leg health and longer shanks are a source of leg problems in heavy-bodied chickens. Identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting shank length traits may be of value to genetic improvement of these traits in chickens. A genome scan was conducted on 238 F₂ chickens from a reciprocal cross between the Silky Fowl and the White Plymouth Rock breeds using 125 microsatellite markers to detect static and developmental QTL affecting weekly shank length and growth (from 1 to 12 weeks) in chickens. Static QTL affected shank length from birth to time t , while developmental QTL affected shank growth from time t− 1 to time t . Seven static QTL on six chromosomes (GGA2, GGA3, GGA4, GGA7, GGA9 and GGA23) were detected at ages of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 and 12 weeks, and six developmental QTL on five chromosomes (GGA1, GGA2, GGA4, GGA5 and GGA23) were detected for five shank growth periods, weeks 2–3, 4–5, 5–6, 10–11 and 11–12. A static QTL and a developmental QTL ( SQSL1 and DQSL2 ) were identified at GGA2 (between ADL0190 and ADL0152 ). SQSL1 explained 2.87–5.30% of the phenotypic variation in shank length from 3 to 7 weeks. DQSL2 explained 2.70% of the phenotypic variance of shank growth between 2 and 3 weeks. Two static and two developmental QTL were involved chromosome 4 and chromosome 23. Two chromosomes (GGA7 and GGA9) had static QTL but no developmental QTL and another two chromosomes (GGA1 and GGA5) had developmental QTL but no static QTL. The results of this study show that shank length and shank growth at different developmental stages involve different QTL.     

光照长度对茴香植株生长及精油含量和组分的影响

采用人工遮光的方法,设计3个光照长度:从15:00遮光、17:00遮光和不遮光,研究不同光照长度对茴香生长和精油含量及组分的影响。结果表明:茴香株高、植株节数、鲜重均以17:00遮光较高,不遮光次之,15:00遮光较低;茴香植株干重、全碳含量、可溶性糖含量、叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、类胡萝卜素含量和叶绿素a/叶绿素b均随光照长度的增加而增加;全氮含量、蛋白氮含量随光照长度的增加而减小;精油含量(0.61-1.20mL.(100g)-1DM)、单株精油产量(0.007-0.021mL)随光照长度的增加而增加,且处理间差异显著。精油共鉴定出22种成分,不同光照长度处理的茴香精油成分种类没有差别,且大多数成分的相对含量差异不显著。精油第一主要成分反式-茴香脑含量为47.40%-48.51%,第二主要成分柠檬烯含量为31.69%-33.26%,处理之间差异均不显著。     

稀疏植被区空气动力学粗糙度特征及遥感反演

应用中国西北半干旱区定西试验站2005年观测资料,估算了典型的稀疏农作物区空气动力学粗糙度,结合空气动力学模型分析了稀疏植被区空气动力学粗糙度的时间变化及其与风速、植株密度的关系,并得出空气动力学粗糙度的参数化方案;结合卫星遥感得到的植被叶面积指数资料,模拟了区域空气动力学粗糙度,得出:(1)空气动力学粗糙度的时间变化与风速变化规律有相反的特点;在稀疏植被区,粗糙单元分布密度对流场有一定影响,随粗糙单元密度的增加,空气动力学粗糙度将逐渐增大。(2)植株高度超过0.2m时,植被高度和植株密度、叶面积指数对空气动力学粗糙度的影响较大,当植株高度低于0.2m时,风速的影响较大。(3)结合遥感反演的叶面积指数,采用空气动力学粗糙度和叶面积指数及风速的关系,反演了空气动力学粗糙度,反演结果空间分布和误差都反映了实际空气动力学粗糙度的特征,证明空气动力学粗糙度遥感参数化比较成功。     

AFLPs resolve phylogeny and reveal mitochondrial introgression within a species flock of African electric fish (Mormyroidea: Teleostei)

Estimating species phylogeny from a single gene tree can be especially problematic for studies of species flocks in which diversification has been rapid. Here we compare a phylogenetic hypothesis derived from cytochrome b (cyt b) sequences with another based on amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) for 60 specimens of a monophyletic riverine species flock of mormyrid electric fishes collected in Gabon, west-central Africa. We analyze the aligned cyt b sequences by Wagner parsimony and AFLP data generated from 10 primer combinations using neighbor-joining from a Nei-Li distance matrix, Wagner parsimony, and Dollo parsimony. The different analysis methods yield AFLP tree topologies with few conflicting nodes. Recovered basal relationships in the group are similar between cyt b and AFLP analyses, but differ substantially at many of the more derived nodes. More of the clades recovered with the AFLP characters are consistent with the morphological characters used to designate operational taxonomic units in this group. These results support our hypothesis that the mitochondrial gene tree differs from the overall species phylogeny due at least in part to mitochondrial introgession among lineages. Mapping the two forms of electric organ found in this group onto the AFLP tree suggests that posteriorly innervated electrocytes with nonpenetrating stalks have independently evolved from anteriorly innervated, penetrating-stalk electrocytes at least three times.     

Transformation and mineralization of soil organic nitrogen by the humivorous larva of Pachnoda ephippiata (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

In common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), Fusarium root rot (caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli) disease severity is increased by environmental factors that stress the plant. The current study used reciprocal grafting techniques with the resistant cultivar FR266 and the susceptible cultivar Montcalm to determine if the genetic control of resistance is conferred by the rootstock (root genotype) or the scion (shoot genotype) and if root vigor played a role in resistance. The influence of a compacted layer on root and shoot genotype response and root rot resistance was studied. Root rot resistance was found to be controlled by the root genotype, such that on a scale of 1 to 7 (severe disease) the FR266 root had an average score of 2.3 and the Montcalm root had an average score of 4.4. However, when grafted plants were grown in the presence of a compacted layer, the FR266 root and/or shoot genotype in any graft combination with the susceptible Montcalm had reduced root rot (score = 2.4 average) than the Montcalm self graft (score = 4.5). Root mass was shown to be controlled by the root genotype in the absence of compaction such that the FR266 root was 26% larger that the Montcalm root when grafted onto a FR266 shoot or a Montcalm shoot. When a compacted layer was present the root and shoot genotype both contributed to root mass. Average root diameter was controlled by the shoot genotype, as the FR266 shoot grafted to Montcalm or FR266 roots had thicker roots (average diameter 0.455 mm) than the Montcalm shoot (average diameter 0.418 mm). This study shows evidence that root vigor in the presence of Fusarium disease pressure should be evaluated to effectively develop common bean lines resistant to Fusarium root rot across a range of environments.     

Testing Reliability of Body Size Measurements Using Hind Foot Length in Roe Deer

Abstract: We quantified the repeatability of >900 individual measures of hind foot length from 2 French populations of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) monitored by capture-recapture. We found a high repeatability (i.e., high intra-class correlation, 0.76, 95% CI = 0.72–0.83 and 0.92, 95% CI = 0.91–0.95) in both populations. We also found that inexperienced observers reached a high level of intra- (1.00, 95% CI = 0.96–1.00) and inter-observer repeatability (0.99, 95% CI = 0.98–1.00) when measuring hind foot length of harvested animals with a tool specifically designed for this task. Managers should pay particular attention to limit measurement errors because unreliable measurements require an increased sample size to assess individual variation and can mask biological patterns.     

玉米自交系遗传变异的RFLP分析

利用ＲＦＬＰ标记研究了１３个玉米（Ｚｃａ ｎａｙｓ Ｌ．）自交系的遗传变异。从３０对探针／酶组合中筛选出杂交带型清晰、稳定、重复性好的２４对组合,在１３个自交系中获得８５个等位基因杂交片段,平均每个位点为３．３条,平均多态性指数为０．４９９。１３个自交系之间的遗传相似系数为０．５２３－０．８０２,平均为０．６４９。ＵＰＧＭＡ聚类分析表明,供试自交系共分为５个类群,分群结果与其系谱关系基本吻合;表明     

Differences in photoperiod‐induced diapause plasticity among different populations of the bark beetle Ips typographus and its predator Thanasimus formicarius

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Cytogenetic tests for animal production: state of the art and perspectives

Cytogenetic tests are effective tools for monitoring the health status of livestock and improving their genetic value. Cytogenetic screening allows for the detection of animals carrying chromosomal aberrations and to avoid using them as breeders. Progress in karyotype monitoring, with new molecular probes and automation, has greatly increased the productivity of this procedure. Several genotoxicity tests are available to detect the possible presence and effects of pollutants or drugs. Among these, the micronucleus test and the Comet assay are the most convenient in terms of costs and benefits. Finally, analysis of telomeres, the end of chromosomes and markers of genomic instability, may be developed into a new marker of stress and genetic value.     

Models of seasonal growth of the equatorial carp Labeo dussumieri in response to the river flood cycle

Synopsis The phenology of Labeo dussumieri, an omnivorous carp common to South Asia, was investigated in a population inhabiting a flood plain anabranch of the Mahaweli Ganga, Sri Lanka. The Mahaweli Ganga exhibited a bimodal discharge pattern typical of many equatorial rivers, with a minor peak during the S.W. monsoon and a major peak during the N.E. monsoon. Seasonal changes in several lotic variables were measured in an attempt to correlate changes in environmental conditions to reproduction and growth in L. dussumieri. The onset of gonad recrudescence and spawning were synchronized with the increased river discharge during the S.W. and N.E. monsoons: gonad development followed one monsoonal discharge peak and spawning took place at the beginning of the other. Most fish spawned at the beginning of the major discharge peak in October and November, following the September dry season. Increased discharge was concomitant with a fall in temperature, light intensity, pH and conductivity. Growth was shown to be seasonal, exhibiting an annual bimodal pattern with peaks coincident with S.W. and N.E. monsoonal rains. Seasonal changes in growth were expressed by two models in terms of: (a) change of somatic weight or fork length with time, (b) change of specific growth rate in response to river discharge, modified by somatic weight. Gonad recrudescence and spawning stress did not appear to influence growth rate.